Neuroprotective polyphenol analogs

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides neuroprotective polyphenol compounds, which can be synthetic analogs of fisetin, baicalein or chlorogenic acid, that maintain neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, glutathione promoting, and/or antioxidant properties. The neuroprotective polyphenol compounds are useful for promoting, enhancing and/or increasing neuron protection, growth and/or regeneration. The polyphenol compounds further find use for increasing and or maintaining intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels. The polyphenol compounds are also useful for treating, preventing, mitigating and/or delaying neurodegenerative conditions, including diabetes, Parkinson&#39;s disease, Huntington&#39;s disease, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, non-Alzheimer&#39;s dementias, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury or ALS.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation of International Application No.PCT/US2012/050324, filed Aug. 10, 2012, which was published in Englishunder PCT Article 21(2), which in turn claims priority to U.S.Provisional Application No. 61/522,878, filed Aug. 12, 2011, both whichare incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENTAL SUPPORT

This invention was made with government support under Grant No.1U01NS060685, awarded by National Institute of Neurological Disordersand Stroke, National Institutes of Health. The government has certainrights in the invention.

FIELD

The present invention provides compounds having neuroprotective,neurotrophic, anti-inflammatory and/or anti-oxidant properties. Thecompounds are useful for promoting, enhancing and/or increasing theprotection, growth and/or regeneration of neurons. The compounds alsofind use to increase, enhance and/or maintain intracellular glutathione(GSH) levels. The invention further relates to methods for thetreatment, prevention, and mitigation of neurodegenerative conditions,and methods for the treatment, prevention, and mitigation of diabetesand Huntington's disease, comprising administering to a subject in needthereof an effective amount of a compound as disclosed and claimedherein.

BACKGROUND

There are currently no drugs available that prevent the nerve cell deathassociated with the majority of age-related disorders of the CNS. Thereare a number of reasons for this but probably the most important is thatmultiple factors contribute to the nerve cell death such that targetinga single pathway is unlikely to be successful. One example of thisproblem is ischemic stroke which is the leading cause of adultdisability and the third leading cause of death in the US (Véronique, etal., Circulation. (2011) 123 (4), e18-e209). Worldwide, approximately 5million people die each year of stroke and the mortality rates areestimated to double by the year 2020 (Donnan, et al., The Lancet.(2008), 371 (9624), 1612-1623). The nerve cell death associated withcerebral ischemia is due to multiple factors resulting from the lack ofoxygen to support respiration and ATP synthesis, acidosis due to thebuildup of the glycolytic product lactic acid, the loss of neurotrophicsupport, multiple metabolic stresses and inflammation (Lipton, Physiol.Rev. (1999) 79, 1431-1568; and Pandya, et al., Cent. Nerv. Syst. Agents.Med. Chem. (2011) April 27, PMID:21521165). While the focus of currentdrug discovery paradigms is on the development of high affinity, singletarget ligands, it is unlikely that a drug directed against a singlemolecular target will be effective in treating the nerve cell deathassociated with conditions such as stroke because of the multitude ofinsults that contribute to the cell's demise. This conclusion issupported by the failure of the single, high affinity target approach todrug development to identify treatments for stroke. Indeed, the onlyFDA-approved treatment to date is recombinant tissue-type plasminogenactivator (rt-PA) (Green, et al., Drug Discov. Today. (2006) 11,681-693), which is a vascular agent. An alternative approach is toidentify small molecules that have multiple biological activitiesrelevant to the maintenance of neurological function.

The flavonal Fisetin has been found to be an orally active, novelneuroprotective and cognition-enhancing molecule (Maher, Genes. Nutr.(2009), September 10, PMID:19756810). Fisetin not only has directantioxidant activity but it can also increase the intracellular levelsof glutathione, the major intracellular antioxidant, via the activationof transcription factors such as Nrf25. Fisetin can also maintainmitochondrial function in the presence of oxidative stress. In addition,it has anti-inflammatory activity against immune cells and inhibits theactivity of 5-lipoxygenase, thereby reducing the production of lipidperoxides and their pro-inflammatory by-products (Maher, Genes. Nutr.(2009), supra). This wide range of actions suggests that Fisetin has theability to reduce the loss of neurological function associated withmultiple disorders, including stroke.

Although Fisetin has been shown to be effective in the rabbit small clotembolism model of stroke (Maher, et al., Brain Research. (2007) 1173,117-125), its relatively high EC50 in cell based assays (2-5 M) and alsolow lipophilicity (CLogP 1.24), high tPSA (107 Å), more hydrogen bonddonors (HBD=5) and poor bioavailability (Shia, et al., J. Agric. FoodChem. (2009) 57 (1), 83-89) suggest that there is room for medicinalchemical improvement if Fisetin is to be used therapeutically fortreating neurological disorders such as stroke. However, given itsability to activate multiple target pathways related to neuroprotection,screening for improvements is significantly more complicated than withthe current classical approach to the development of a single targetdrug. The present invention is based in part, on the use of amulti-tiered approach to screening that has facilitated theidentification of Fisetin derivatives with significantly enhancedneuroprotective activity in an in vitro ischemia model while at the sametime maintaining other key actions including anti-inflammatory andneurotrophic activity as well as the ability to maintain glutathioneunder conditions of oxidative stress.

SUMMARY

In various embodiments, the invention is directed to polyphenolcompounds and analogs that can be used in treatment of patientsafflicted with medical conditions such as diabetes, Huntington'sdisease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's dementia, non-Alzheimer'sdementia, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, spinal cordinjury, and ALS, as well as for treatment of conditions involvingischemia, such as ischemic or embolic stroke, and their symptoms andsequelae. The compounds of the invention can be used to maintainglutathione levels in patients, and can provide neuroprotective effects

In various embodiments, the compound of the invention is a compound offormula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   -   Z is N or O, when Z is N then

when Z is O, then

-   -   each of R¹ and R², independent of the other, is H, optionally        substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a), —NO₂ or —N(R^(c))₂; when both R¹        and R² are —OR^(a), then, optionally, they combine to form a 5-6        membered ring of formula

where z is 1 or 2;

-   -   R³ is H, optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl or —OR^(a);    -   R⁴, when present, is R^(a);    -   each of R⁵ and R⁶ is, independently for each occurrence, H,        R^(e), R^(b), R^(e) substituted with one or more of the same or        different R^(a) and/or R^(b), —OR^(e) substituted with one or        more of the same or different R^(a) and/or R^(b), —SR^(e)        substituted with one or more of the same or different R^(a)        and/or R^(b), —C(O)R^(e) substituted with one or more of the        same or different R^(a) and/or R^(b), —N(R^(a))R^(e) where R^(e)        is substituted with one or more of the same or different R^(a)        and/or R^(b), —(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—R^(b), —O—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—R^(b),        —S—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—R^(b), —O—(C(R^(b))₂)_(m)—R^(a),        —N(R^(a))—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—R^(b),        —O—(CH₂)_(m)—CH((CH₂)_(m)R^(b))R^(b),        —C(O)N(R^(a))—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—R^(b), —O—(C(R^(a))₂),        —C(O)N(R^(a))—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—R^(b), —N((C(R^(a))₂)_(m)R^(b))₂,        —S—(C(R^(a))₂)—C(O)N(R^(a))—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—R^(b),        —N(R^(a))—C(O)—N(R^(a))—(C(R^(a))₂)—R^(b),        —N(R^(a))—C(R^(a))—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—C(R^(a)) (R^(b))₂ or        —N(R^(a))—(C(R^(a))₂)—C(O)—N(R^(a))—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—R^(b);    -   each R^(a) is independently for each occurrence H, C₁₋₆alkyl,        C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₁cycloalkylalkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, C₇₋₁₆arylalkyl,        3-10 membered heteroalicyclyl, 4-11 membered        heteroalicyclylalkyl, 5-15 membered heteroaryl or 6-16 membered        heteroarylalkyl;    -   each R^(b) is independently for each occurrence ═O, ═S, —OR^(a),        —O—(C(R^(a))₂), —OR^(a), —SR^(a), ═NR^(a), ═NOR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂,        halo, —CF₃, —CN, —NO₂, —S(O)R^(a), —S(O)₂R^(a), —SO₃R^(a),        —S(O)₂N(R^(c))₂, —C(O)R^(a), —CO₂R^(a), —C(O)N(R^(c))₂,        —OC(O)N(R^(c))₂, —[N(R^(a))C(O)]_(n)R^(a),        —[N(R^(a))C(O)]_(n)OR^(a) or —[N(R^(a))C(O)]_(n)N(R^(c))₂;    -   each R^(c) is independently for each occurrence R^(a), or,        alternatively, two R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen        atom to which they are bonded to form a 3 to 10-membered        heteroalicyclyl or a 5-10 membered heteroaryl which may        optionally include one or more of the same or different        additional heteroatoms and which is optionally substituted with        one or more of the same or different R^(a) and/or R^(d) groups;    -   each R^(d) is ═O, —OR^(a), haloC₁₋₃alkyloxy, C₁₋₆alkyl, ═S,        —SR^(a), —N(R^(a))₂, halo, —CF₃, —CN, —NO₂, —S(O)R^(a),        —S(O₂)R^(a), —SO₃R^(a), —S(O)₂N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)R^(a), —CO₂R^(a),        —C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —OC(O)N(R^(a))₂, —[N(R^(a))C(O)]_(n)R^(a),        —(C(R^(a))₂), —OR^(a), —C(O)—C₁₋₆haloalkyl, —OC(O)R^(a),        —O(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—OR^(a), —S(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—OR^(a),        —N(R^(a))—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—OR^(a), —[N(R^(a))C(O)]_(n)OR^(a),        —[N(R^(a))C(O)]N(R^(a))₂ or —N(R^(a))C(O)C₁₋₆haloalkyl; two        R^(d) taken together with the atom or atoms to which they are        attached, combine to form a 3-10 membered partially or fully        saturated mono or bicyclic ring, optionally containing one or        more heteroatoms and optionally substituted with one or more        R^(a);    -   each R^(e) is independently for each occurrence C₁₋₆alkyl,        C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₁ cycloalkylalkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl,        C₇₋₁₆arylalkyl, 3-10 membered heteroalicyclyl, 4-11 membered        heteroalicyclylalkyl, 5-15 membered heteroaryl or 6-16 membered        heteroarylalkyl;    -   two of R⁵, and independently, two of R⁶, together with the        vicinal carbons to which they are attached, combine to form a        4-10 membered unsaturated, partially saturated or fully        saturated mono or bicyclic ring, optionally containing one or        more heteroatoms and optionally substituted with one or more        R^(a) and/or R^(b);    -   each m is 1, 2 or 3;    -   each n is 0, 1, 2 or 3;    -   x is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and    -   y is 0, 1, 2 or 3,    -   provided the compound is not Fisetin, Baicalein, PM-001, PM-002,        PM-003, PM-004, PM-008 or PM-014.

In some embodiments, the compound can be of Formula IIA,

wherein each of R¹ and R², independent of the other, is H, optionallysubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a) or —N(R^(c))₂; R³ is H, optionallysubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl or —OR^(a); R⁴ is C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl,C₄₋₁₁cycloalkylalkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl or C₇₋₁₆arylalkyl; and each of R⁵ and R⁶is, independently for each occurrence H, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl,C₄₋₁₁ cycloalkylalkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, C₇₋₁₆arylalkyl, —OR^(a),—O—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—OR^(a), —SR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, halo, —CF₃, —CO₂R^(a),—C(O)N(R^(c))₂; and optionally, two of R⁵, together with the vicinalcarbons to which they are attached, combine to form a 6-memberedunsaturated aryl ring, said 6-membered aryl ring optionally substitutedwith one or more R^(a) and/or R^(b).

In some embodiments, each of R¹ and R², independent of the other, is—OR^(a); R³ is H or optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl; and R⁴ isC₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₁cycloalkylalkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl orC₇₋₁₆arylalkyl.

In some embodiments, one of R¹ and R² is optionally substitutedC₁₋₆alkyl and the other of R¹ and R² is H, —OR^(a) or —N(R^(c))₂; R³ isH or optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl; and R⁴ is C₁₋₆alkyl,C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₁cycloalkylalkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl or C₇₋₁₆arylalkyl.

In some embodiments, one of R¹ and R² is H or —OR^(a) and the other ofR¹ and R² is H or —N(R^(c))₂, provided at least one of R¹ and R² is notH; R³ is H or optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl; and R⁴ is C₁₋₆alkyl,C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₁cycloalkylalkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl or C₇₋₁₆arylalkyl.

In some embodiments, the compound can be of Formula IIB,

wherein R^(a) is H or C₁₋₆alkyl; R³ is H or C₁₋₆alkyl; R⁴ is C₁₋₆alkyl,C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₁cycloalkylalkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl or C₇₋₁₆arylalkyl; eachof R⁵ and R⁶ is, independently for each occurrence H, C₁₋₆alkyl,C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₁ cycloalkylalkyl, —OR^(a),—O—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—OR^(a), —SR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, halo, —CF₃, —CO₂R^(a) or—C(O)N(R^(c))₂; and each R^(c) is independently for each occurrenceR^(a), or, alternatively, two R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogenatom to which they are bonded to form a 3 to 7-membered heteroalicyclyl.

In some embodiments, R^(a) is H or C₁₋₆alkyl; R³ is H or C₁₋₆alkyl; R⁴is C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl or C₄₋₁₁cycloalkylalkyl; and each of R⁵ andR⁶ is, independently for each occurrence H, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl,C₄₋₁₁ cycloalkylalkyl, —OR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, halo, —CF₃, —CO₂R^(a) or—C(O)N(R^(c))₂.

In some embodiments, the compound can be of Formula IIIA,

wherein each of R¹ and R², independent of the other, is H, optionallysubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a) or —N(R^(c))₂; R³ is H, optionallysubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl or —OR^(a); and each of R⁵ and R⁶ is,independently for each occurrence H, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₁cycloalkylalkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, C₇₋₁₆arylalkyl, —OR^(a),—O—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—OR^(a), —SR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, halo, —CF₃, —CO₂R^(a),—C(O)N(R^(c))₂; and optionally, two of R⁵, together with the vicinalcarbons to which they are attached, combine to form a 6-memberedunsaturated aryl ring, said 6-membered aryl ring optionally substitutedwith one or more R^(a) and/or R^(b).

In some embodiments, each of R¹ and R², independent of the other, is—OR^(a); and R³ is H, C₁₋₆alkyl or —OR^(a).

In some embodiments, one of R¹ and R² is optionally substitutedC₁₋₆alkyl and the other of R¹ and R² is H, —OR^(a) or —N(R^(c))₂; and R³is H, C₁₋₆alkyl or —OR^(a).

In some embodiments, one of R¹ and R² is H or —OR^(a) and the other ofR¹ and R² is H or —N(R^(c))₂, provided at least one of R¹ and R² is notH; and R³ is H, C₁₋₆alkyl or —OR^(a).

In some embodiments, the compound can be of Formula IIIB,

wherein each R^(a) is H or C₁₋₆alkyl; R³ is H, —OH, —OC₁₋₆alkyl orC₁₋₆alkyl; each of R⁵ and R⁶ is, independently for each occurrence H,C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₁ cycloalkylalkyl, —OR^(a),—O—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—OR^(a), —SR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, halo, —CF₃, —CO₂R^(a) or—C(O)N(R^(c))₂; and each R^(c) is independently for each occurrenceR^(a), or, alternatively, two R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogenatom to which they are bonded to form a 3 to 7-membered heteroalicyclyl,and optionally, two of R⁵, together with the vicinal carbons to whichthey are attached, combine to form a 6-membered unsaturated aryl ring,said 6-membered aryl ring optionally substituted with one or more R^(a)and/or R^(b).

In some embodiments, the compound can be of Formula IIIC or IIID,

wherein each R^(a) is H or C₁₋₆alkyl; R³ is H, —OH, —OC₁₋₆alkyl orC₁₋₆alkyl; each of R⁶ is, independently for each occurrence H,C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, or halo; and each R^(c) isindependently for each occurrence R^(a), or, alternatively, two R^(c)are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded toform a 3 to 7-membered heteroalicyclyl; and R⁷ is independently for eachoccurrence H, C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, or halo.

In some embodiments, R³ is H, —OH or C₁₋₆alkyl; and each of R⁵ and R⁶is, independently for each occurrence H, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl,C₄₋₁₁ cycloalkylalkyl, —OR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, halo, —CF₃, —CO₂R^(a) or—C(O)N(R^(c))₂.

In some embodiments, the compound can be of Formula IIIE,

-   -   wherein each of R^(5a) and R^(5b) is independently H or        C₁₋₆alkyl.

In some embodiments, each R^(a) is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl, and R⁶is, independently for each occurrence H, C₁₋₆alkyl, —OH, —OC₁₋₆alkyl,—N(R^(c))₂, halo or —CF₃.

In some embodiments, one of R^(a) is H and the other R^(a) is C₁₋₆alkyl.

In some embodiments, both of R^(a) are H.

In some embodiments, both of R^(a) are C₁₋₆alkyl.

In some embodiments, y is 0, 1 or 2.

In some embodiments, y is 0 or 1.

In some embodiments, the compound can be of Formula IIIF,

-   -   wherein R² is H or —OR^(a); and R³ is H, C₁₋₆alkyl or —OR^(a).

In some embodiments, the compound is according to Formula IIIG,

wherein each of R^(5a) and R^(5b) is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; andeach R^(c) is independently for each occurrence R^(a), or,alternatively, two R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom towhich they are bonded to form an optionally substituted 3- to 7-memberedheteroalicyclyl.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is, independently for each occurrence H,C₁₋₆alkyl, —OH, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, halo or —CF₃.

In some embodiments, y is 0, 1 or 2.

In some embodiments, —N(R^(c))₂ is dimethylamino, diethylamino,ethylmethylamino, azirindin-1-yl, azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl,piperidin-1-yl or 4-C₁₋₆alkyl substituted piperazin-1-yl.

In some embodiments, the compound can be of Formula IIIH or IIIJ,

wherein R³ is H, —OH, —OC₁₋₆alkyl or C₁₋₆alkyl; each of R⁶ is,independently for each occurrence H, C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a), —SR^(a) orhalo; and each R^(c) is independently for each occurrence R^(a), or,alternatively, two R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom towhich they are bonded to form an optionally substituted 3- to 7-memberedheteroalicyclyl; and R⁷ is independently for each occurrence H,C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, or halo.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is, independently for each occurrence H,C₁₋₆alkyl, —OH, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, halo or —CF₃.

In some embodiments, y is 0, 1 or 2.

In some embodiments, —N(R^(c))₂ is dimethylamino, diethylamino,ethylmethylamino, azirindin-1-yl, azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl,piperidin-1-yl or 4-C₁₋₆alkyl substituted piperazin-1-yl.

In various embodiments, the compound can be of Formula IVA,

wherein each of R¹ and R², independent of the other, is H, optionallysubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a) or —N(R^(c))₂; R³ is H, optionallysubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl or —OR^(a); and each of R⁵ and R⁶ is,independently for each occurrence H, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₁cycloalkylalkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, C₇₋₁₆arylalkyl, —OR^(a), —O—(C(R^(a))₂),—OR^(a), —SR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, halo, —CF₃, —CO₂R^(a), —C(O)N(R^(c))₂; andoptionally, two of R⁵, together with the vicinal carbons to which theyare attached, combine to form a 6-membered unsaturated aryl ring, said6-membered aryl ring optionally substituted with one or more R^(a)and/or R^(b), provided the compound is not chlorogenic acid.

In some embodiments, each of R¹ and R², independent of the other, is—OR^(a); and R³ is H, C₁₋₆alkyl or —OR^(a).

In some embodiments, one of R¹ and R² is optionally substitutedC₁₋₆alkyl and the other of R¹ and R² is H, —OR^(a) or —N(R^(c))₂; and R³is H, C₁₋₆alkyl or —OR^(a).

In some embodiments, one of R¹ and R² is H or —OR^(a) and the other ofR¹ and R² is H or —N(R^(c))₂, provided at least one of R¹ and R² is notH; and R³ is H, C₁₋₆alkyl or —OR^(a).

-   -   In some embodiments, the compound can be of Formula IVB,

wherein each R^(a) is H or C₁₋₆alkyl; R³ is H, —OH, —OC₁₋₆alkyl orC₁₋₆alkyl; each of R⁵ and R⁶ is, independently for each occurrence H,C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₁ cycloalkylalkyl, —OR^(a),—O—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—OR^(a), —SR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, halo, —CF₃, —CO₂R^(a) or—C(O)N(R^(c))₂; and each R^(c) is independently for each occurrenceR^(a), or, alternatively, two R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogenatom to which they are bonded to form a 3 to 7-membered heteroalicyclyl,and optionally, two of R⁵, together with the vicinal carbons to whichthey are attached, combine to form a 6-membered unsaturated aryl ring,said 6-membered aryl ring optionally substituted with one or more R^(a)and/or R^(b).

In some embodiments, the compound can be of Formula IVC or IVD,

wherein each R^(a) is H or C₁₋₆alkyl; R³ is H, —OH, —OC₁₋₆alkyl orC₁₋₆alkyl; each of R⁶ is, independently for each occurrence H,C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, or halo; and each R^(c) isindependently for each occurrence R^(a), or, alternatively, two R^(c)are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded toform a 3 to 7-membered heteroalicyclyl; and R⁷ is independently for eachoccurrence H, C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, or halo.

In some embodiments, R³ is H, —OH or C₁₋₆alkyl; and each of R⁵ and R⁶is, independently for each occurrence H, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl,C₄₋₁₁ cycloalkylalkyl, —OR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, halo, —CF₃, —CO₂R^(a) or—C(O)N(R^(c))₂.

In some embodiments, the compound can be of Formula IVE,

wherein each of R^(5a) and R^(5b) is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl.

In some embodiments, each R^(a) is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl, and R⁶is, independently for each occurrence H, C₁₋₆alkyl, —OH, —OC₁₋₆alkyl,—N(R^(c))₂, halo or —CF₃.

In some embodiments, one of R^(a) is H and the other R^(a) is C₁₋₆alkyl.

In some embodiments, both of R^(a) are H.

In some embodiments, both of R^(a) are C₁₋₆alkyl.

In some embodiments, y is 0, 1 or 2.

In some embodiments, y is 0 or 1.

In some embodiments, the compound can be of Formula IVF,

-   -   wherein R² is H or —OR^(a); and R³ is H, C₁₋₆alkyl or —OR^(a).

In some embodiments, the compound is according to Formula IVG,

-   -   wherein each of R^(5a) and R^(5b) is independently H or        C₁₋₆alkyl; and each R^(c) is independently for each occurrence        R^(a), or, alternatively, two R^(c) are taken together with the        nitrogen atom to which they are bonded to form an optionally        substituted 3- to 7-membered heteroalicyclyl.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is, independently for each occurrence H,C₁₋₆alkyl, —OH, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, halo or —CF₃.

In some embodiments, y is 0, 1 or 2.

In some embodiments, —N(R^(c))₂ is dimethylamino, diethylamino,ethylmethylamino, azirindin-1-yl, azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl,piperidin-1-yl or 4-C₁₋₆alkyl substituted piperazin-1-yl.

In some embodiments, the compound is according to Formula IVH or IVJ,

-   -   wherein R³ is H, —OH, —OC₁₋₆alkyl or C₁₋₆alkyl; each of R⁶ is,        independently for each occurrence H, C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a), —SR^(a)        or halo; and each R^(c) is independently for each occurrence        R^(a), or, alternatively, two R^(c) are taken together with the        nitrogen atom to which they are bonded to form an optionally        substituted 3- to 7-membered heteroalicyclyl; and R⁷ is        independently for each occurrence H, C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a),        —SR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, or halo.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is, independently for each occurrence H,C₁₋₆alkyl, —OH, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, halo or —CF₃.

In some embodiments, y is 0, 1 or 2.

In some embodiments, —N(R^(c))₂ is dimethylamino, diethylamino,ethylmethylamino, azirindin-1-yl, azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl,piperidin-1-yl or 4-C₁₋₆alkyl substituted piperazin-1-yl.

In some embodiments, the compound is:

-   4-methoxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-007);-   4-ethoxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-023);-   4-isopropoxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-024);-   4-isopropoxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-084);-   4-cyclopentyloxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-121);-   4-methoxy-2-(3-hydroxy,4-methoxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-001);-   4-methoxy-2-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-004);-   4-methoxy-2-(4-hydroxy,3-methoxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-017);-   4-methoxy-2-phenylquinoline (CMS-021);-   4-methoxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-022);-   4-methoxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-083);-   4-methoxy-2-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)quinoline (CMS-109);-   4-methoxy-2-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)quinoline (CMS-110);-   4-methoxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-nitrophenyl)quinoline (CMS-111);-   4-isopropoxy-2-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)quinoline (CMS-112); or-   4-isopropoxy-2-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)quinoline (CMS-113).

In some embodiments, the compound is:

-   2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-6-methyl-4H-chromen-4-one    (PM-010);-   2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one (PM-013);-   2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-6-propyl-4H-chromen-4-one    (PM-012);-   2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one    (CMS-040);-   3-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one    (CMS-069);-   2-(4-(benzyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one    (CMS-065);-   2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one    (CMS-072);-   2-(4-(benzyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one    (CMS-059);-   2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one    (CMS-064);-   2-(4-(chloromethyl)-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one    (CMS-078);-   3-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one    (CMS-092);-   2-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-3-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one    (CMS-117);-   3-hydroxy-2-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one    (CMS-114);-   2-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-3-hydroxy-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one    (CMS-118);-   3-hydroxy-2-(3-methoxy-4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one    (CMS-139);-   3-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one    (CMS-140);-   2-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one (CMS-018);-   2-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one    (CMS-025);-   2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one    (CMS-027);-   2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one (CMS-028);-   2-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one (CMS-036);-   2-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one (CMS-038);-   3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-1H-benzo[f]chromen-1-one    (CMS-041);-   2-(4-(benzyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one    (CMS-058);-   2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one    (CMS-093);-   2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one (CMS-094);-   3-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one    (CMS-070);-   2-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one (CMS-115);-   6,7-dimethyl-2-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one    (CMS-116);-   2-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one (CMS-119);-   2-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one (CMS-120); or-   3-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-2-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one    (CMS-122).

In some embodiments, the compound is:

-   (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one    (CMS-011);-   (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-(1-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one    (CMS-034);-   (E)-3-(3-hydroxy-4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-1-(1-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one    (CMS-138);-   (E)-1-(1-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)-3-(3-methoxy-4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)prop-2-en-1-one    (CMS-137);-   (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-(2-hydroxy-5-isopropylphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one    (CMS-129);-   (E)-3-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one    (CMS-013);-   (E)-3-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)-1-(1-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one    (CMS-032);-   (E)-3-(4-(benzyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-(1-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one    (CMS-063);-   (E)-3-(3-(benzyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one    (CMS-086);-   (E)-3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one    (CMS-087); or-   (E)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylphenyl)-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one    (CMS-088).

In a related aspect, the invention provides methods of treatmentcomprising administration of effective amounts of pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising one or more compounds, as described herein, anda pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or vehicle.

In a further aspect, the invention provides methods of treating,reducing, mitigating or preventing one or more symptoms of ischemia in asubject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject aneffective amount of one or more compounds, as described herein, or apharmaceutical composition comprising one or more of the compounds, asdescribed herein.

The invention is directed, in various embodiments, to methods oftreatment comprising administering an effective amount of a compound asdescribed below for treatment of ischemia. The invention can providemethods of treating, reducing, mitigating or preventing ischemia or oneor more sequelae or symptoms thereof in a patient or subject in needthereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount ofone or more compounds as disclosed herein. For example, the patient canbe a human, or the subject can be another mammal.

In various embodiments, the invention is directed to methods oftreatment comprising administering an effective amount of a compound asdescribed below for treatment of (1) ischemic stroke, (2) hemorrhagicstroke, (3) cardiovascular disease (e.g., ischemic heart conditions,patients undergoing heart bypass surgery or heart valve replacement),(4) ischemia related spinal cord injury, (5) ischemia in diabeticpatients, and (6) embolic stroke; or any symptoms or sequelae thereof.The compound can also be used for treatment of patients at risk for anyof the above-listed conditions.

In some embodiments, the subject has experienced an embolic stroke. Insome embodiments, the subject is at risk of experiencing an embolicstroke. In some embodiments, the one or more polyphenol compounds, asdescribed herein, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or moreof the polyphenol compounds, as described herein, are co-administeredwith a thrombolytic agent. In various embodiments, the thrombolyticagent can be co-administered in a subtherapeutic dose or amount. Forexample, the thrombolytic agent can comprise tissue plasminogenactivator, tenecteplase, urokinase, desmoteplase, reteplase, alteplase,anistreplase, streptokinase, or combinations thereof.

In various embodiments, the invention provides a method of treatingdiabetes, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer'sdisease, non-Alzheimer's dementias, multiple sclerosis, traumatic braininjury, or ALS, comprising administering an effective amount of acompound of the invention as disclosed and claimed herein to a patientin need thereof. In various embodiments, the patient is experiencing oris at risk of experiencing sepsis, trauma and/or shock. For example, thepatient can be a human, or can be another mammal.

In other embodiments, the invention provides methods of promoting,increasing, and/or enhancing the protection, growth and/or regenerationof neurons in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to thesubject an effective amount of one or more compounds, as describedherein, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more of thecompounds, as described herein.

In another aspect, the invention provides methods of promoting,increasing, and/or enhancing the protection, growth and/or regenerationof neurons by maintaining or increasing glutathione (GSH) levels in asubject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject aneffective amount of one or more compounds, as described herein, or apharmaceutical composition comprising one or more of the compounds, asdescribed herein.

In some embodiments, the one or more compounds are or the pharmaceuticalcomposition is administered over a period of one to three weeks. In someembodiments, the one or more compounds are or the pharmaceuticalcomposition is administered for the remainder of the life of thesubject. In some embodiments, the one or more compounds are or thepharmaceutical composition is administered until an efficacious effectis achieved.

In some embodiments, the compounds are or the pharmaceutical compositionis administered orally, intravenously, inhalationally, transdermally orsubcutaneously.

In some embodiments, the compound is co-administered with tissueplasminogen activator (tPA). For example, the tPA can be co-administeredin a subtherapeutic dose or amount.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates behavioral improvements following chlorogenic acid(CGA) treatment in the rabbit small clot embolic stroke model (RSCEM).The cumulative control curve (dotted line) has a P₅₀ value of 1.58±0.15mg (n=26). CGA treatment (50 mg/kg) initiated 5 minutes followingembolization increased the P₅₀ value to 3.61±0.52 mg (n=19, *P<0.05)(dark solid line). The dark circles  represent the raw data for thecontrol group and the triangles ▴ represent the raw data for theCGA-treated group. A normal rabbit for a specific clot weight isrepresented by a symbol plotted at 0% on the y-axis, whereas an abnormalrabbit for a specific clot weight is represented by a symbol plotted at100% on the y-axis.

FIG. 2 illustrates that the therapeutic window for CGA when administeredfollowing embolic strokes in rabbits is 60 minutes. The graph showsBehavior (P₅₀ value) as a function of Time post-embolization (minutes).CGA effectively increased the P₅₀ value when administered 5 and 60minutes following embolization (P<0.05 compared to a vehicle-treatedcontrol group).

FIG. 3 illustrates the pharmacological effects of Fisetin on culturedHT22 mouse hippocampal cells. In this stroke in vitro assay, HT22 cellswere treated with 20 μM iodoacetic acid (IAA) for 2 hr alone or in thepresence of varying concentrations of Fisetin. At 24 hours, cellsurvival was measured using a standard MTT assay. Cell survival was alsoconfirmed by light microscopy. In the absence of a neuroprotective, >95%of the cell population dies off within 24 hours. The graph shows thatFisetin is neuroprotective over the concentration range of 5-25 μM,increasing survival by greater than 85%.

FIG. 4 illustrates behavioral improvement following Fisetin treatment inthe rabbit small clot embolic stroke model (RSCEM). The control curve(dotted line) has a P₅₀ value of 1.06±0.15 mg (n=19). Fisetin treatment(50 mg/kg intravenously (IV)) initiated 5 minutes following embolizationincreased the P₅₀ value to 2.53±0.55 mg (n=19, *P<0.05) (dark solidline). The dark circles  represent the raw data from the control groupand the triangles ▴ represent the raw data for the Fisetin-treatedgroup. A normal rabbit for a specific clot weight is represented by asymbol plotted at 0% on the y-axis, whereas an abnormal rabbit for aspecific clot weight is represented by a symbol plotted at 100% on they-axis.

FIG. 5 illustrates pharmacological effects of Baicalein on culturedcells. (A) Trophic factor withdrawal. Primary cortical neurons areprepared from 18-day-old rat embryos, and cultured at low cell density1×10⁶/35 mm dish, in serum containing medium with Baicalein (10-10,000nM), and viability assayed 2 days later using a live-dead assay. (B)Excitotoxicity assay was done with E14 mouse primary cortical neuroncultures. After 11 days of culture, cells were exposed to 10 μMglutamate for 10 min, followed by the addition of varying concentrationsof Baicalein (0.2-5 μM). Cell viability was determined 24 hr later witha standard MTT assay. (C) PC12 cells were glucose-deprived then wereincubates in the absence or presence of Baicalein. Cell viability wasdetermined 24 hr later using the MTT assay. (D) RCG-5 nerve cells weretreated with 30 μM iodoacetic acid for 2 hr in the presence or absenceof 5-25 μM Baicalein. In some experiments, Baicalein was added 2 hrafter the ischemic event. Cell survival (%) was measured after 24 hr bythe MTT assay. Baicalein added before (w) or 2 hr after () ischemia.

FIG. 6 depicts pharmacological effects of Baicalein on cultured HT22mouse hippocampal cells. In the stroke in vitro assay, HT22 cells weretreated with 20 M iodoacetic acid (an irreversible inhibitor of G3PDHfor 2 hr alone or in the presence of varying concentrations ofBaicalein. At 24 hours, cell survival was measured using a standard MTTassay. Cell survival was also confirmed by light microscopy. In theabsence of a neuroprotective, >95% of the cell population dies offwithin 24 hours. The graph shows that Baicalein is neuroprotective overthe concentration range of 2.5-10 PM, where the drug increased survivalby greater than 80%.

FIG. 7 illustrates behavioral improvement following Baicalein treatmentgiven 60 minutes post-embolization in the rabbit small clot embolicstroke model (RSCEM). The control curve (dotted line) has a P₅₀ value of1.37±0.20 mg (n=21). Baicalein treatment (100 mg/kg subcutaneously (SC))initiated 60 minutes following embolization increased the P₅₀ value to2.15±0.12 mg (n=14, *P<0.05) (dark solid line). The dark circles represent the raw data from the control group and the triangles ▴represent the raw data for the Baicalein-treated group. A normal rabbitfor a specific clot weight is represented by a symbol plotted at 0% onthe y-axis, whereas an abnormal rabbit for a specific clot weight isrepresented by a symbol plotted at 100% on the y-axis.

FIG. 8 illustrates a method of flavonoid library synthesis.

FIG. 9 illustrates representative chlorogenic acid derivatives.

FIG. 10 illustrates a synthetic scheme of chalcone derivatives.

FIG. 11 illustrates a synthetic scheme of flavone derivatives.

FIG. 12 illustrates a synthetic scheme of flavonol derivatives.

FIG. 13 illustrates a synthetic scheme of quinoline derivatives.

FIG. 14 provides an illustrative synthetic scheme for compounds PM-001,PM-002, PM-003, and PM-008.

FIG. 15 provides an illustrative synthetic scheme for compounds PM-004,PM-010, PM-012, and PM-013.

FIG. 16 provides an illustrative synthetic scheme for compound CMS-078.

FIG. 17 provides an illustrative synthetic scheme for compounds CMS-129and CMS-138.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions

The following words and phrases are intended to have the meanings as setforth below, except to the extent that the context in which they areused indicates otherwise or they are expressly defined to mean somethingdifferent.

As used herein, “administering” refers to local and systemicadministration, e.g., including enteral and parenteral administration.Routes of administration for the compounds described herein include,e.g., oral (“po”) administration, administration as a suppository,topical contact, intravenous (“iv”), intraperitoneal (“ip”),intramuscular (“im”), intralesional, intranasal, or subcutaneous (“sc”)administration, or the implantation of a slow-release device e.g., amini-osmotic pump, a depot formulation, etc., to a subject.Administration can be by any route including parenteral and transmucosal(e.g., oral, nasal, vaginal, rectal, or transdermal). Parenteraladministration includes, e.g., intravenous, intramuscular,intra-arteriole, intradermal, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal,intraventricular, ionophoretic and intracranial. Other modes of deliveryinclude, but are not limited to, the use of liposomal formulations,intravenous infusion, transdermal patches, etc.

The terms “systemic administration” and “systemically administered”refer to a method of administering a compound or composition to a mammalso that the compound or composition is delivered to sites in the body,including the targeted site of pharmaceutical action, via thecirculatory system. Systemic administration includes, but is not limitedto, oral, intranasal, rectal and parenteral (i.e., other than throughthe alimentary tract, such as intramuscular, intravenous,intra-arterial, transdermal and subcutaneous) administration.

The term “co-administering” or “concurrent administration”, when used,for example with respect to the polyphenol compounds described hereinand another active agent (e.g. a cognition enhancer), refers toadministration of a polyphenol compound described and a second activeagent such that both can simultaneously achieve a physiological effect.The two agents, however, need not be administered together. In certainembodiments, administration of one agent can precede administration ofthe other. Simultaneous physiological effect need not necessarilyrequire presence of both agents in the circulation at the same time.However, in certain embodiments, co-administering typically results inboth agents being simultaneously present in the body (e.g. in theplasma) at a significant fraction (e.g. 20% or greater, preferably 30%or 40% or greater, more preferably 50% or 60% or greater, mostpreferably 70% or 80% or 90% or greater) of their maximum serumconcentration for any given dose.

As used herein, the terms “treating” and “treatment” refer to delayingthe onset of, retarding or reversing the progress of, reducing theseverity of, or alleviating or preventing either the disease orcondition to which the term applies (e.g., ischemia and/or ischemicstroke), or one or more symptoms of such disease or condition.

The term “mitigating” refers to reduction or elimination of one or moresymptoms of that pathology or disease, and/or a reduction in the rate ordelay of onset or severity of one or more symptoms of that pathology ordisease, and/or the prevention of that pathology or disease.

As used herein, the phrase “consisting essentially of” refers to thegenera or species of active pharmaceutical agents included in a methodor composition, as well as any excipients inactive for the intendedpurpose of the methods or compositions. In some embodiments, the phrase“consisting essentially of” expressly excludes the inclusion of one ormore additional active agents other than a polyphenol compound, asdescribed herein.

The terms “subject,” “individual,” and “patient” interchangeably referto a mammal, preferably a human or a non-human primate, but alsodomesticated mammals (e.g., canine or feline), laboratory mammals (e.g.,mouse, rat, rabbit, hamster, guinea pig) and agricultural mammals (e.g.,equine, bovine, porcine, ovine). In various embodiments, the subject canbe a human (e.g., adult male, adult female, adolescent male, adolescentfemale, male child, female child) under the care of a physician or otherhealthworker in a hospital, psychiatric care facility, as an outpatient,or other clinical context. In certain embodiments the subject may not beunder the care or prescription of a physician or other healthworker.

“Ischemia” or “ischemic event” as used herein refers to diseases anddisorders characterized by inadequate blood supply (i.e., circulation)to a local area due to blockage of the blood vessels to the area.Ischemia includes for example, strokes and transient ischemic attacks.Strokes include, e.g., ischemic stroke (including, but not limited to,cardioembolic strokes, atheroembolic or atherothrombotic strokes, i.e.,strokes caused by atherosclerosis in the carotid, aorta, heart, andbrain, small vessel strokes (i.e., lacunar strokes), strokes caused bydiseases of the vessel wall, i.e., vasculitis, strokes caused byinfection, strokes caused by hematological disorders, strokes caused bymigraines, and strokes caused by medications such as hormone therapy),hemorrhagic ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoidhemorrhage.

The term “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” refersto the amount of an active agent sufficient to induce a desiredbiological result (e.g., prevention, delay, reduction or inhibition ofischemia or symptoms associated with ischemia). That result may bealleviation of the signs, symptoms, or causes of a disease, or any otherdesired alteration of a biological system. The term “therapeuticallyeffective amount” is used herein to denote any amount of the formulationwhich causes a substantial improvement in a disease condition whenapplied to the affected areas repeatedly over a period of time. Theamount will vary with the condition being treated, the stage ofadvancement of the condition, and the type and concentration offormulation applied. Appropriate amounts in any given instance will bereadily apparent to those skilled in the art or capable of determinationby routine experimentation.

“Subtherapeutic dose” refers to a dose of a pharmacologically activeagent(s), either as an administered dose of pharmacologically activeagent, or actual level of pharmacologically active agent in a subjectthat functionally is insufficient to elicit the intended pharmacologicaleffect in itself (e.g., to dissolve an embolic clot), or thatquantitatively is less than the established therapeutic dose for thatparticular pharmacological agent (e.g., as published in a referenceconsulted by a person of skill, for example, doses for a pharmacologicalagent published in the Physicians' Desk Reference, 66th Ed., 2011,Thomson Healthcare or Brunton, et al., Goodman & Gilman's ThePharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 11th edition, 2006, McGraw-HillProfessional). A “subtherapeutic dose” can be defined in relative terms(i.e., as a percentage amount (less than 100%) of the amount ofpharmacologically active agent conventionally administered). Forexample, a subtherapeutic dose amount can be about 1% to about 75% ofthe amount of pharmacologically active agent conventionallyadministered. In some embodiments, a subtherapeutic dose can be about75%, 50%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10% or less, than the amount ofpharmacologically active agent conventionally administered.

A “therapeutic effect,” as that term is used herein, encompasses atherapeutic benefit and/or a prophylactic benefit as described above. Aprophylactic effect includes delaying or eliminating the appearance of adisease or condition, delaying or eliminating the onset of symptoms of adisease or condition, slowing, halting, or reversing the progression ofa disease or condition, or any combination thereof.

The symbol “—” means a single bond, “═” means a double bond, “≡” means atriple bond. The symbol “

” refers to a group on a double-bond as occupying either position on theterminus of the double bond to which the symbol is attached; that is,the geometry, E- or Z-, of the double bond is ambiguous and both isomersare meant to be included. When a group is depicted removed from itsparent formula, the “

” symbol will be used at the end of the bond which was theoreticallycleaved in order to separate the group from its parent structuralformula.

When chemical structures are depicted or described, unless explicitlystated otherwise, all carbons are assumed to have hydrogen substitutionto conform to a valence of four. For example, in the structure on theleft-hand side of the schematic below there are nine hydrogens implied.The nine hydrogens are depicted in the right-hand structure. Sometimes aparticular atom in a structure is described in textual formula as havinga hydrogen or hydrogens as substitution (expressly defined hydrogen),for example, CH₂CH₂. It would be understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art that the aforementioned descriptive techniques are common in thechemical arts to provide brevity and simplicity to description ofotherwise complex structures.

In this application, some ring structures are depicted generically andwill be described textually. For example, in the schematic below if ringA is used to describe a phenyl, there are at most four hydrogens on ringA (when R is not H).

If a group R is depicted as “floating” on a ring system, as for examplein the group:

then, unless otherwise defined, a substituent R can reside on any atomof the fused bicyclic ring system, excluding the atom carrying the bondwith the ““symbol, so long as a stable structure is formed. In theexample depicted, the R group can reside on an atom in either the5-membered or the 6-membered ring of the indolyl ring system.

When there are more than one such depicted “floating” groups, as forexample in the formulae:

where there are two groups, namely, the R and the bond indicatingattachment to a parent structure; then, unless otherwise defined, the“floating” groups can reside on any atoms of the ring system, againassuming each replaces a depicted, implied, or expressly definedhydrogen on the ring system and a chemically stable compound would beformed by such an arrangement.

When a group R is depicted as existing on a ring system containingsaturated carbons, as for example in the formula:

where, in this example, y can be more than one, assuming each replaces acurrently depicted, implied, or expressly defined hydrogen on the ring;then, unless otherwise defined, two R's can reside on the same carbon. Asimple example is when R is a methyl group; there can exist a geminaldimethyl on a carbon of the depicted ring (an “annular” carbon). Inanother example, two R's on the same carbon, including that same carbon,can form a ring, thus creating a spirocyclic ring (a “spirocyclyl”group) structure. Using the previous example, where two R's form, e.g. apiperidine ring in a spirocyclic arrangement with the cyclohexane, asfor example in the formula:

“Alkyl” in its broadest sense is intended to include linear, branched,or cyclic hydrocarbon structures, and combinations thereof. Alkyl groupscan be fully saturated or with one or more units of unsaturation, butnot aromatic. Generally alkyl groups are defined by a subscript, eithera fixed integer or a range of integers. For example, “C₈alkyl” includesn-octyl, iso-octyl, 3-octynyl, cyclohexenylethyl, cyclohexylethyl, andthe like; where the subscript “8” designates that all groups defined bythis term have a fixed carbon number of eight. In another example, theterm “C₁₋₆alkyl” refers to alkyl groups having from one to six carbonatoms and, depending on any unsaturation, branches and/or rings, therequisite number of hydrogens. Examples of C₁₋₆alkyl groups includemethyl, ethyl, vinyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl,isobutyl, isobutenyl, pentyl, pentynyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, hexenyl, andthe like. When an alkyl residue having a specific number of carbons isnamed generically, all geometric isomers having that number of carbonsare intended to be encompassed. For example, either “propyl” or“C₃alkyl” each include n-propyl, c-propyl, propenyl, propynyl, andisopropyl. Cycloalkyl is a subset of alkyl and includes cyclichydrocarbon groups of from three to thirteen carbon atoms. Examples ofcycloalkyl groups include c-propyl, c-butyl, c-pentyl, norbornyl,norbornenyl, c-hexenyl, adamantyl and the like. As mentioned, alkylrefers to alkanyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl residues (and combinationsthereof)—it is intended to include, e.g., cyclohexylmethyl, vinyl,allyl, isoprenyl, and the like. An alkyl with a particular number ofcarbons can be named using a more specific but still generic geometricalconstraint, e.g. “C₃₋₆cycloalkyl” which means only cycloalkyls havingbetween 3 and 6 carbons are meant to be included in that particulardefinition. Unless specified otherwise, alkyl groups, whether alone orpart of another group, e.g. —C(O)alkyl, have from one to twenty carbons,that is C₁₋₂₀alkyl. In the example “—C(O)alkyl,” where there were nocarbon count limitations defined, the carbonyl of the —C(O)alkyl groupis not included in the carbon count, since “alkyl” is designatedgenerically. But where a specific carbon limitation is given, e.g. inthe term “optionally substituted C₁₋₂₀alkyl,” where the optionalsubstitution includes “oxo” the carbon of any carbonyls formed by such“oxo” substitution are included in the carbon count since they were partof the original carbon count limitation. However, again referring to“optionally substituted C₁₋₂₀alkyl,” if optional substitution includescarbon-containing groups, e.g. CH₂CO₂H, the two carbons in this groupare not included in the C₁₋₂₀alkyl carbon limitation.

When a carbon number limit is given at the beginning of a term whichitself comprises two terms, the carbon number limitation is understoodas inclusive for both terms. For example, for the term “C₇₋₁₄arylalkyl,”both the “aryl” and the “alkyl” portions of the term are included thecarbon count, a maximum of 14 in this example, but additionalsubstituent groups thereon are not included in the atom count unlessthey incorporate a carbon from the group's designated carbon count, asin the “oxo” example above. Likewise when an atom number limit is given,for example “6-14 membered heteroarylalkyl,” both the “heteroaryl” andthe “alkyl” portion are included the atom count limitation, butadditional substituent groups thereon are not included in the atom countunless they incorporate a carbon from the group's designated carboncount. In another example, “C₄₋₁₀cycloalkylalkyl” means a cycloalkylbonded to the parent structure via an alkylene, alkylidene oralkylidyne; in this example the group is limited to 10 carbons inclusiveof the alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne subunit. As another example,the “alkyl” portion of, e.g. “C₇₋₁₄arylalkyl” is meant to includealkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne, unless stated otherwise, e.g. as inthe terms “C₇₋₁₄arylalkylene” or “C₆₋₁₀aryl-CH₂CH₂—.”

“Alkylene” refers to straight, branched and cyclic (and combinationsthereof) divalent radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogenatoms, containing no unsaturation and having from one to ten carbonatoms, for example, methylene, ethylene, propylene, n-butylene and thelike. Alkylene is like alkyl, referring to the same residues as alkyl,but having two points of attachment and, specifically, fully saturated.Examples of alkylene include ethylene (—CH₂CH₂—), propylene(—CH₂CH₂CH₂—), dimethylpropylene (—CH₂C(CH₃)₂CH₂—), cyclohexan-1,4-diyland the like.

“Alkylidene” refers to straight, branched and cyclic (and combinationsthereof) unsaturated divalent radical consisting solely of carbon andhydrogen atoms, having from two to ten carbon atoms, for example,ethylidene, propylidene, n-butylidene, and the like. Alkylidene is likealkyl, referring to the same residues as alkyl, but having two points ofattachment and, specifically, at least one unit of double bondunsaturation. Examples of alkylidene include vinylidene (—CH═CH—),cyclohexylvinylidene (—CH═C(C₆H₁₃)—), cyclohexen-1,4-diyl and the like.

“Alkylidyne” refers to straight, branched and cyclic (and combinationsthereof) unsaturated divalent radical consisting solely of carbon andhydrogen atoms having from two to ten carbon atoms, for example,propylid-2-ynyl, n-butylid-1-ynyl, and the like. Alkylidyne is likealkyl, referring to the same residues as alkyl, but having two points ofattachment and, specifically, at least one unit of triple bondunsaturation.

Any of the above radicals” “alkylene,” “alkylidene” and “alkylidyne,”when optionally substituted, can contain alkyl substitution which itselfcan contain unsaturation. For example,2-(2-phenylethynyl-but-3-enyl)-naphthalene (IUPAC name) contains ann-butylid-3-ynyl radical with a vinyl substituent at the 2-position ofthe radical. Combinations of alkyls and carbon-containing substitutionsthereon are limited to thirty carbon atoms.

“Alkoxy” refers to the group —O-alkyl, where alkyl is as defined herein.Alkoxy includes, by way of example, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy,isopropoxy, n-butoxy, t-butoxy, sec-butoxy, n-pentoxy, cyclohexyloxy,cyclohexenyloxy, cyclopropylmethyloxy, and the like.

“Haloalkyloxy” refers to the group —O-alkyl, where alkyl is as definedherein, and further, alkyl is substituted with one or more halogens. Byway of example, a haloC₁₋₃alkyloxy” group includes —OCF₃, —OCF₂H,—OCHF₂, —OCH₂CH₂Br, —OCH₂CH₂CH₂I, —OC(CH₃)₂Br, —OCH₂Cl and the like.

“Acyl” refers to the groups —C(O)H, —C(O)alkyl, —C(O)aryl andC(O)heterocyclyl.

“α-Amino Acids” refer to naturally occurring and commercially availableα-amino acids and optical isomers thereof. Typical natural andcommercially available α-amino acids are glycine, alanine, serine,homoserine, threonine, valine, norvaline, leucine, isoleucine,norleucine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, ornithine, histidine,arginine, cysteine, homocysteine, methionine, phenylalanine,homophenylalanine, phenylglycine, ortho-tyrosine, meta-tyrosine,para-tyrosine, tryptophan, glutamine, asparagine, proline andhydroxyproline. A “side chain of an α-amino acid” refers to the radicalfound on the α-carbon of an α-amino acid as defined above, for example,hydrogen (for glycine), methyl (for alanine), benzyl (forphenylalanine), etc.

“Amino” refers to the group NH₂.

“Amide” refers to the group C(O)NH₂ or —N(H)acyl.

“Aryl” (sometimes referred to as “Ar”) refers to a monovalent aromaticcarbocyclic group of, unless specified otherwise, from 6 to 15 carbonatoms having a single ring (e.g., phenyl) or multiple condensed rings(e.g., naphthyl or anthryl) which condensed rings may or may not bearomatic (e.g., 2-benzoxazolinone, 2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one-7-yl,9,10-dihydrophenanthrenyl, indanyl, tetralinyl, and fluorenyl and thelike), provided that the point of attachment is through an atom of anaromatic portion of the aryl group and the aromatic portion at the pointof attachment contains only carbons in the aromatic ring. If anyaromatic ring portion contains a heteroatom, the group is a heteroaryland not an aryl. Aryl groups are monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic ortetracyclic.

“Arylene” refers to an aryl that has at least two groups attachedthereto. For a more specific example, “phenylene” refers to a divalentphenyl ring radical. A phenylene, thus can have more than two groupsattached, but is defined by a minimum of two non-hydrogen groupsattached thereto.

“Arylalkyl” refers to a residue in which an aryl moiety is attached to aparent structure via one of an alkylene, alkylidene, or alkylidyneradical. Examples include benzyl, phenethyl, phenylvinyl, phenylallyland the like. When specified as “optionally substituted,” both the aryl,and the corresponding alkylene, alkylidene, or alkylidyne portion of anarylalkyl group can be optionally substituted. By way of example,“C₇₋₁₁arylalkyl” refers to an arylalkyl limited to a total of elevencarbons, e.g., a phenylethyl, a phenylvinyl, a phenylpentyl and anaphthylmethyl are all examples of a “C₇₋₁₁arylalkyl” group.

“Aryloxy” refers to the group —O-aryl, where aryl is as defined herein,including, by way of example, phenoxy, naphthoxy, and the like.

“Carboxyl,” “carboxy” or “carboxylate” refers to CO₂H or salts thereof.

“Carboxyl ester” or “carboxy ester” or “ester” refers to the group—CO₂alkyl, —CO₂aryl or —CO₂heterocyclyl.

“Carbonate” refers to the group —OCO₂alkyl, —OCO₂aryl or—OCO₂heterocyclyl.

“Carbamate” refers to the group —OC(O)NH₂, —N(H)carboxyl or—N(H)carboxyl ester.

“Cyano” or “nitrile” refers to the group —CN.

“Formyl” refers to the specific acyl group —C(O)H.

“Halo” or “halogen” refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.

“Haloalkyl” and “haloaryl” refer generically to alkyl and aryl radicalsthat are substituted with one or more halogens, respectively. By way ofexample “dihaloaryl,” “dihaloalkyl,” “trihaloaryl” etc. refer to aryland alkyl substituted with a plurality of halogens, but not necessarilya plurality of the same halogen; thus 4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl is adihaloaryl group.

“Heteroalkyl” refers to an alkyl where one or more, but not all, carbonsare replaced with a heteroatom. A heteroalkyl group has either linear orbranched geometry. By way of example, a “2-6 membered heteroalkyl” is agroup that can contain no more than 5 carbon atoms, because at least oneof the maximum 6 atoms must be a heteroatom, and the group is linear orbranched. Also, for the purposes of this invention, a heteroalkyl groupalways starts with a carbon atom, that is, although a heteroalkyl maycontain one or more heteroatoms, the point of attachment to the parentmolecule is not a heteroatom. A 2-6 membered heteroalkyl group includes,for example, —CH₂XCH₃, —CH₂CH₂XCH₃, —CH₂CH₂XCH₂CH₃, C(CH₂)₂XCH₂CH₃ andthe like, where X is O, NH, NC₁₋₆alkyl and S(O)₀₋₂, for example.

“Perhalo” as a modifier means that the group so modified has all itsavailable hydrogens replaced with halogens. An example would be“perhaloalkyl.” Perhaloalkyls include —CF₃, —CF₂CF₃, perchloroethyl andthe like.

“Hydroxy” or “hydroxyl” refers to the group —OH.

“Heteroatom” refers to O, S, N, or P.

“Heterocyclyl” in the broadest sense includes aromatic and non-aromaticring systems and more specifically refers to a stable three- tofifteen-membered ring radical that consists of carbon atoms and from oneto five heteroatoms. For purposes of this description, the heterocyclylradical can be a monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring system, whichcan include fused or bridged ring systems as well as spirocyclicsystems; and the nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon or sulfur atoms in theheterocyclyl radical can be optionally oxidized to various oxidationstates. In a specific example, the group —S(O)₀₋₂—, refers to—S-(sulfide), —S(O)— (sulfoxide), and —SO₂— (sulfone) linkages. Forconvenience, nitrogens, particularly but not exclusively, those definedas annular aromatic nitrogens, are meant to include their correspondingN-oxide form, although not explicitly defined as such in a particularexample. Thus, for a compound having, for example, a pyridyl ring; thecorresponding pyridyl-N-oxide is meant to be included in the presentlydisclosed compounds. In addition, annular nitrogen atoms can beoptionally quaternized.

“Heterocycle” includes heteroaryl and heteroalicyclyl, that is aheterocyclic ring can be partially or fully saturated or aromatic. Thusa term such as “heterocyclylalkyl” includes heteroalicyclylalkyls andheteroarylalkyls. Examples of heterocyclyl radicals include, but are notlimited to, azetidinyl, acridinyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxanyl,benzofuranyl, carbazoyl, cinnolinyl, dioxolanyl, indolizinyl,naphthyridinyl, perhydroazepinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl,phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, quinazolinyl,quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrazoyl,tetrahydroisoquinolyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl,2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, azepinyl, pyrrolyl,4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolyl,imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, dihydropyridinyl, tetrahydropyridinyl,pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolinyl,oxazolidinyl, triazolyl, isoxazolyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl,thiazolyl, thiazolinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, quinuclidinyl,isothiazolidinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl,octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl,decahydroisoquinolyl, benzimidazolyl, thiadiazolyl, benzopyranyl,benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, furyl, diazabicycloheptane, diazapane,diazepine, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydropyranyl, thienyl, benzothieliyl,thiamorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl sulfoxide, thiamorpholinyl sulfone,dioxaphospholanyl, and oxadiazolyl.

“Heteroaryl” refers to an aromatic group having from 1 to 10 annularcarbon atoms and 1 to 4 annular heteroatoms. Heteroaryl groups have atleast one aromatic ring component, but heteroaryls can be fullyunsaturated or partially unsaturated. If any aromatic ring in the grouphas a heteroatom, then the group is a heteroaryl, even, for example, ifother aromatic rings in the group have no heteroatoms. For example,2H-pyrido[3,2-b][1,4]oxazin-3(4H)-one-7-yl, indolyl and benzimidazolylare “heteroaryls.” Heteroaryl groups can have a single ring (e.g.,pyridinyl, imidazolyl or furyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g.,indolizinyl, quinolinyl, benzimidazolyl or benzothienyl), where thecondensed rings may or may not be aromatic and/or contain a heteroatom,provided that the point of attachment to the parent molecule is throughan atom of the aromatic portion of the heteroaryl group. In oneembodiment, the nitrogen and/or sulfur ring atom(s) of the heteroarylgroup are optionally oxidized to provide for the N-oxide (N→O),sulfinyl, or sulfonyl moieties. Compounds described herein containingphosphorous, in a heterocyclic ring or not, include the oxidized formsof phosphorous. Heteroaryl groups are monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic ortetracyclic.

“Heteroaryloxy” refers to O-heteroaryl.

“Heteroarylene” generically refers to any heteroaryl that has at leasttwo groups attached thereto. For a more specific example, “pyridylene”refers to a divalent pyridyl ring radical. A pyridylene, thus can havemore than two groups attached, but is defined by a minimum of twonon-hydrogen groups attached thereto.

“Heteroalicyclic” refers specifically to a non-aromatic heterocyclylradical. A heteroalicyclic may contain unsaturation, but is notaromatic. As mentioned, aryls and heteroaryls are attached to the parentstructure via an aromatic ring. So, e.g.,2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one-4-yl is a heteroalicyclic, while2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one-7-yl is an aryl. In another example,2H-pyrido[3,2-b][1,4]oxazin-3(4H)-one-4-yl is a heteroalicyclic, while2H-pyrido[3,2-b][1,4]oxazin-3(4H)-one-7-yl is a heteroaryl.

“Heterocyclylalkyl” refers to a heterocyclyl group linked to the parentstructure via e.g an alkylene linker, for example(tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methyl- or (pyridin-4-yl)methyl

“Heterocyclyloxy” refers to the group —O-heterocycyl.

“Nitro” refers to the group —NO₂.

“Oxo” refers to a double bond oxygen radical, ═O.

“Oxy” refers to —O. radical (also designated as →O), that is, a singlebond oxygen radical. By way of example, N-oxides are nitrogens bearingan oxy radical.

When a group with its bonding structure is denoted as being bonded totwo partners; that is, a divalent radical, for example, —OCH₂—, then itis understood that either of the two partners can be bound to theparticular group at one end, and the other partner is necessarily boundto the other end of the divalent group, unless stated explicitlyotherwise. Stated another way, divalent radicals are not to be construedas limited to the depicted orientation, for example “—OCH2-” is meant tomean not only “—OCH₂-” as drawn, but also “—CH₂O—.”

“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described eventor circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includesinstances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances in whichit does not. One of ordinary skill in the art would understand that,with respect to any molecule described as containing one or moreoptional substituents, that only synthetically feasible compounds aremeant to be included. “Optionally substituted” refers to all subsequentmodifiers in a term, for example in the term “optionally substitutedarylC₁₋₈alkyl,” optional substitution may occur on both the “C₁₋₈alkyl”portion and the “aryl” portion of the arylC₁₋₈alkyl group. Also by wayof example, optionally substituted alkyl includes optionally substitutedcycloalkyl groups. The term “substituted,” when used to modify aspecified group or radical, means that one or more hydrogen atoms of thespecified group or radical are each, independently of one another,replaced with the same or different substituent groups as defined below.Thus, when a group is defined as “optionally substituted” the definitionis meant to encompass when the groups is substituted with one or more ofthe radicals defined below, and when it is not so substituted.

Substituent groups for substituting for one or more hydrogens (any twohydrogens on a single carbon can be replaced with ═O, ═NR⁷⁰, ═N—OR⁷⁰,═N₂ or ═S) on saturated carbon atoms in the specified group or radicalare, unless otherwise specified, —R⁶⁰, halo, ═O, —OR⁷⁰, —SR⁷⁰, —N(R⁸⁰)₂,perhaloalkyl, —CN, —OCN, —SCN, —NO, —NO₂, ═N₂, —N₃, —SO₂R⁷⁰, —SO₃ ⁻M⁺,—SO₃R⁷⁰, —OSO₂R⁷⁰, —OSO₃ ⁻M⁺, —OSO₃R⁷⁰, —P(O)(O⁻)₂(M⁺)₂, —P(O)(O⁻)₂M²⁺,—P(O)(OR⁷⁰)O⁻M⁺, —P(O)(OR⁷⁰)₂, —C(O)R⁷⁰, —C(S)R⁷⁰, —C(NR⁷⁰)R⁷⁰, —CO₂⁻M⁺, —CO₂R⁷⁰, —C(S)OR⁷⁰, —C(O)N(R⁸⁰)₂, —C(NR⁷⁰)(R⁸⁰)₂, —OC(O)R⁷⁰,—OC(S)R⁷⁰, —OCO₂ ⁻M⁺, —OCO₂R⁷⁰, —OC(S)OR⁷⁰, —NR⁷⁰C(O)R⁷⁰, —NR⁷⁰C(S)R⁷⁰,—NR⁷⁰CO₂ ⁻M⁺, —NR⁷⁰CO₂R⁷⁰, —NR⁷⁰C(S)OR⁷⁰, —NR⁷⁰C(O)N(R⁸⁰)₂,—NR⁷⁰C(NR⁷⁰)R⁷⁰ and —NR⁷⁰C(NR⁷⁰)N(R⁸⁰)₂, where R⁶⁰ is C₁₋₆alkyl, 3 to10-membered heterocyclyl, 3 to 10-membered heterocyclylC₁₋₆alkyl,C₆₋₁₀aryl or C₆₋₁₀arylC₁₋₆alkyl; each R⁷⁰ is independently for eachoccurrence hydrogen or R⁶⁰; each R⁸⁰ is independently for eachoccurrence R⁷⁰ or alternatively, two R⁸⁰'s, taken together with thenitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a 3 to 7-memberedheteroalicyclyl which optionally includes from 1 to 4 of the same ordifferent additional heteroatoms selected from O, N and S, of which Noptionally has H or C₁-C₃alkyl substitution; and each M⁺ is a counterion with a net single positive charge. Each M⁺ is independently for eachoccurrence, for example, an alkali ion, such as K⁺, Na⁺, Li⁺; anammonium ion, such as ⁺N(R⁶⁰)₄; or an alkaline earth ion, such as[Ca²⁺]_(0.5), [Mg²⁺]_(0.5), or [Ba²⁺]_(0.5) (a “subscript 0.5 means e.g.that one of the counter ions for such divalent alkali earth ions can bean ionized form of a compound described herein and the other a typicalcounter ion such as chloride, or two ionized compounds can serve ascounter ions for such divalent alkali earth ions, or a doubly ionizedcompound can serve as the counter ion for such divalent alkali earthions). As specific examples, —N(R⁸⁰)₂ is meant to include —NH₂,—NH-alkyl, —NH-pyrrolidin-3-yl, N-pyrrolidinyl, N-piperazinyl,4N-methyl-piperazin-1-yl, N-morpholinyl and the like.

Substituent groups for replacing hydrogens on unsaturated carbon atomsin groups containing unsaturated carbons are, unless otherwisespecified, —R⁶⁰, halo, —O⁻M⁺, —OR⁷⁰, —SR⁷⁰, —S⁻M⁺, —N(R⁸⁰)₂,perhaloalkyl, —CN, —OCN, —SCN, —NO, —NO₂, —N₃, —SO₂R⁷⁰, —SO₃ ⁻M⁺,—SO₃R⁷⁰, —OSO₂R⁷⁰, —OSO₃ ⁻M⁺, —OSO₃R⁷⁰, —PO₃ ⁻² (M⁺)₂, —PO₃ ⁻²M²⁺,—P(O)(OR⁷⁰)O⁻M⁺, —P(O)(OR⁷⁰)₂, —C(O)R⁷⁰, —C(S)R⁷⁰, —C(NR⁷⁰)R⁷⁰, —CO₂⁻M⁺, —CO₂R⁷⁰, —C(S)OR⁷⁰, —C(O)NR⁸⁰R⁸⁰, —C(NR⁷⁰)N(R⁸⁰)₂, —OC(O)R⁷⁰,—OC(S)R⁷⁰, —OCO₂ ⁻M⁺, —OCO₂R⁷⁰, —OC(S)OR⁷⁰, —NR⁷⁰C(O)R⁷⁰, —NR⁷⁰C(S)R⁷⁰,—NR⁷⁰CO₂ ⁻M⁺, —NR⁷⁰CO₂R⁷⁰, —NR⁷⁰C(S)OR⁷⁰, —NR⁷⁰C(O)N(R⁸⁰)₂,—NR⁷⁰C(NR⁷⁰)R⁷⁰ and —NR⁷⁰C(NR⁷⁰)N(R⁸⁰)₂, where R⁶⁰, R⁷⁰, R⁸⁰ and M⁺ areas previously defined, provided that in case of substituted alkene oralkyne, the substituents are not —O⁻M⁺, —OR⁷⁰, —SR⁷⁰, or —S⁻M⁺.

Substituent groups for replacing hydrogens on nitrogen atoms in groupscontaining such nitrogen atoms are, unless otherwise specified, —R⁶⁰,—O⁻M⁺, —OR⁷⁰, —SR⁷⁰, —S⁻M⁺, —N(R⁸⁰)₂, perhaloalkyl, —CN, —NO, —NO₂,—S(O)₂R⁷⁰, —SO₃ ⁻M⁺, —SO₃R⁷⁰, —OS(O)₂R⁷⁰, —OSO₃ ⁻M⁺, —OSO₃R⁷⁰, —PO₃²⁻(M⁺)₂, —PO₃ ²⁻M²⁺, —P(O)(OR⁷⁰)O⁻M⁺, —P(O)(OR⁷⁰)(OR⁷⁰), —C(O)R⁷⁰,—C(S)R⁷⁰, —C(NR⁷⁰)R⁷⁰, —CO₂R⁷⁰, —C(S)OR⁷⁰, —C(O)NR⁸⁰R⁸⁰,—C(NR⁷⁰)NR⁸⁰R⁸⁰, OC(O)R⁷⁰, —OC(S)R⁷⁰, —OCO₂R⁷⁰, —OC(S)OR⁷⁰,—NR⁷⁰C(O)R⁷⁰, —NR⁷⁰C(S)R⁷⁰, —NR⁷⁰CO₂R⁷⁰, —NR⁷⁰C(S)OR⁷⁰,—NR⁷⁰C(O)N(R⁸⁰)₂, —NR⁷⁰C(NR⁷⁰)R⁷⁰ and —NR⁷⁰C(NR⁷⁰)N(R⁸⁰)₂, where R⁶,R⁷⁰, R⁸⁰ and M⁺ are as previously defined.

In one embodiment, a group that is substituted has 1, 2, 3, or 4substituents, 1, 2, or 3 substituents, 1 or 2 substituents, or 1substituent.

It is understood that in all substituted groups, polymers arrived at bydefining substituents with further substituents to themselves (e.g.,substituted aryl having a substituted aryl group as a substituent whichis itself substituted with a substituted aryl group, which is furthersubstituted by a substituted aryl group, etc.) are not intended forinclusion herein. In such case that the language permits such multiplesubstitutions, the maximum number of such iterations of substitution isthree.

“Sulfonamide” refers to the group —SO₂NH₂, —N(H)SO₂H, —N(H)SO₂alkyl,—N(H)SO₂aryl, or —N(H)SO₂heterocyclyl.

“Sulfonyl” refers to the group —SO₂H, —SO₂alkyl, —SO₂aryl, or—SO₂heterocyclyl.

“Sulfanyl” refers to the group: —SH, —S-alkyl, —S-aryl, or—S-heterocyclyl.

“Sulfinyl” refers to the group: —S(O)H, —S(O)alkyl, —S(O)aryl or—S(O)heterocyclyl.

“Suitable leaving group” is defined as the term would be understood byone of ordinary skill in the art; that is, a group on a carbon, whereupon reaction a new bond is to be formed, the carbon loses the groupupon formation of the new bond. A typical example employing a suitableleaving group is a nucleophilic substitution reaction, e.g., on a sp³hybridized carbon (SN₂ or SN₁), e.g. where the leaving group is ahalide, such as a bromide, the reactant might be benzyl bromide. Anothertypical example of such a reaction is a nucleophilic aromaticsubstitution reaction (SNAr). Another example is an insertion reaction(for example by a transition metal) into the bond between an aromaticreaction partner bearing a leaving group followed by reductive coupling.“Suitable leaving group” is not limited to such mechanisticrestrictions. Examples of suitable leaving groups include halogens,optionally substituted aryl or alkyl sulfonates, phosphonates, azidesand —S(O)₀₋₂R where R is, for example optionally substituted alkyl,optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl. Thoseof skill in the art of organic synthesis will readily identify suitableleaving groups to perform a desired reaction under different reaction.

“Stereoisomer” and “stereoisomers” refer to compounds that have the sameatomic connectivity but different atomic arrangement in space.Stereoisomers include cis-trans isomers, E and Z isomers, enantiomersand diastereomers. Compounds described herein, or their pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts can contain one or more asymmetric centers and can thusgive rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric formsthat can be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or(S)- or, as (D)- or (L)- for amino acids. The present invention is meantto include all such possible isomers, as well as their racemic andoptically pure forms. Optically active (+) and (−), (R)- and (S)-, or(D)- and (L)-isomers can be prepared using chiral synthons, chiralreagents, or resolved using conventional techniques, such as by:formation of diastereoisomeric salts or complexes which can beseparated, for example, by crystallization; via formation ofdiastereoisomeric derivatives which can be separated, for example, bycrystallization, selective reaction of one enantiomer with anenantiomer-specific reagent, for example enzymatic oxidation orreduction, followed by separation of the modified and unmodifiedenantiomers; or gas-liquid or liquid chromatography in a chiralenvironment, for example on a chiral support, such as silica with abound chiral ligand or in the presence of a chiral solvent. It will beappreciated that where a desired enantiomer is converted into anotherchemical entity by one of the separation procedures described above, afurther step may be required to liberate the desired enantiomeric form.Alternatively, specific enantiomer can be synthesized by asymmetricsynthesis using optically active reagents, substrates, catalysts orsolvents, or by converting on enantiomer to the other by asymmetrictransformation. For a mixture of enantiomers, enriched in a particularenantiomer, the major component enantiomer can be further enriched (withconcomitant loss in yield) by recrystallization.

When the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds orother centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, itis intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers.

“Tautomer” refers to alternate forms of a molecule that differ only inelectronic bonding of atoms and/or in the position of a proton, such asenol-keto and imine-enamine tautomers, or the tautomeric forms ofheteroaryl groups containing a —N═C(H)—NH— ring atom arrangement, suchas pyrazoles, imidazoles, benzimidazoles, triazoles, and tetrazoles. Aperson of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that othertautomeric ring atom arrangements are possible and contemplated herein.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to pharmaceutically acceptablesalts of a compound, which salts are derived from a variety of organicand inorganic counter ions well known in the art and include, by way ofexample only, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium,tetraalkylammonium, and the like; and when the molecule contains a basicfunctionality, salts of organic or inorganic acids, such ashydrochloride, hydrobromide, tartrate, mesylate, acetate, maleate,oxalate, and the like. Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition saltsare those salts that retain the biological effectiveness of the freebases while formed by acid partners that are not biologically orotherwise undesirable, e.g., inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid,hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and thelike, as well as organic acids such as acetic acid, trifluoroaceticacid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, maleicacid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citricacid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid,ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid and thelike. Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts include thosederived from inorganic bases such as sodium, potassium, lithium,ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminumsalts and the like. Exemplary salts are the ammonium, potassium, sodium,calcium, and magnesium salts. Salts derived from pharmaceuticallyacceptable organic non-toxic bases include, but are not limited to,salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted aminesincluding naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines andbasic ion exchange resins, such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine,diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, ethanolamine,2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-diethylaminoethanol, dicyclohexylamine,lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline,betaine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, methylglucamine, theobromine,purines, piperazine, piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, polyamine resins,and the like. Exemplary organic bases are isopropylamine, diethylamine,ethanolamine, trimethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, choline, and caffeine.(See, for example, S. M. Berge, et al., “Pharmaceutical Salts,” J.Pharm. Sci., 1977; 66:1-19 which is incorporated herein by reference.).

“Prodrug” refers to compounds that are transformed in vivo to yield theparent compound, for example, by hydrolysis in the gut or enzymaticconversion in blood. Common examples include, but are not limited to,ester and amide forms of a compound having an active form bearing acarboxylic acid moiety. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable estersof the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to,alkyl esters (for example with between about one and about six carbons)where the alkyl group is a straight or branched chain. Acceptable estersalso include cycloalkyl esters and arylalkyl esters such as, but notlimited to benzyl. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable amides of thecompounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, primaryamides, and secondary and tertiary alkyl amides (for example withbetween about one and about six carbons). Amides and esters of thecompounds of the present invention can be prepared according toconventional methods. A thorough discussion of prodrugs is provided inT. Higuchi and V. Stella, “Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems,” Vol 14of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, and in Bioreversible Carriers in DrugDesign, ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association andPergamon Press, 1987, both of which are incorporated herein by referencefor all purposes.

“Metabolite” refers to the break-down or end product of a compound orits salt produced by metabolism or biotransformation in the animal orhuman body; for example, biotransformation to a more polar molecule suchas by oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis, or to a conjugate (seeGoodman and Gilman, “The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics” 8^(th)Ed., Pergamon Press, Gilman et al. (eds), 1990 which is hereinincorporated by reference). The metabolite of a compound describedherein or its salt can itself be a biologically active compound in thebody. While a prodrug described herein would meet this criteria, thatis, form a described biologically active parent compound in vivo,“metabolite” is meant to encompass those compounds not contemplated tohave lost a progroup, but rather all other compounds that are formed invivo upon administration of a compound described herein which retain thebiological activities described herein. Thus one aspect of the inventionis a metabolite of a compound described herein. For example, abiologically active metabolite is discovered serendipitously, that is,no prodrug design per se was undertaken. Stated another way,biologically active compounds inherently formed as a result ofpracticing methods of the invention, are contemplated and disclosedherein. “Solvate” refers to a complex formed by combination of solventmolecules with molecules or ions of the solute. The solvent can be anorganic compound, an inorganic compound, or a mixture of both. Someexamples of solvents include, but are not limited to, methanol,N,N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylsulfoxide, and water.The compounds described herein can exist in unsolvated as well assolvated forms with solvents, pharmaceutically acceptable or not, suchas water, ethanol, and the like. Solvated forms of the presentlydisclosed compounds are contemplated herein and are encompassed by theinvention, at least in generic terms.

It is understood that the above definitions are not intended to includeimpermissible substitution patterns (e.g., methyl substituted with 5fluoro groups). Such impermissible substitution patterns are easilyrecognized by a person having ordinary skill in the art.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION 1. Introduction a. Acute Ischemic Stroke Cascade

During the last 50 years, experimental stroke research has identifiedmany factors responsible for the death of neurons and glial cellsfollowing ischemic stroke. One of the primary causes of cell death is“energy failure”, or depletion of high-energy phosphates, which occursquickly after ischemia [5, 16, 26-29]. In embolic strokes, impairment ofthe microcirculation may also be a contributing factor to the evolutionof ischemia distal to the infarct [30]. Immediately following an embolicstroke, excitatory amino acid (EAA) neurotransmitters are released inquantity from presynaptic terminals. Some EAAs, especially glutamate,can propagate the ischemic response and also cause “delayed neuronaldeath” or the protracted necrosis of neurons [31-35]. Of importance arethe roles of free-radical species, oxygen free radicals and superoxides,which are produced in abundance following ischemic injury and have beenidentified as possible mediators of ischemic necrosis and vasculardamage [5, 36-38]. Following a stroke, a cascade of mechanisms areactivated, which cause substantial injury not only to the core, but alsothe “ischemic penumbra”, defined as a zone or portion of brain tissuethat is potentially salvageable [39, 40] by appropriate treatment, ifadministered in a timely fashion. The cells in the “ischemic penumbra”appear to be a valid target for neuroprotective agents, since they maysurvive if the deleterious actions of specific mediators of the ischemiccascade, such as free radicals are suppressed or blocked.

b. Neuroprotective Polyphenol Compounds for the Treatment ofNeurological Disorders

Polyphenolic compounds are micronutrients which have become of interestbecause they are found in fruits and vegetables and their products suchas tea, coffee, red wine and olive oil [41-46]. The plant-derivednatural products have been postulated to reduce the risk ofcardiovascular diseases [45-49]. Recently, the “French Paradox” hasreceived a great deal of attention pointing to the possible benefits ofthe Mediterranean diet, which includes high amounts of fresh fruits andvegetables as well as red wine [41-44]. The pharmacological basis of theMediterranean diet may lie in the abundance of polyphenolic compounds inthe natural products of the diet [45, 48, 49]. There has been someinterest in the potential protective mechanisms of the polyphenolicmolecules in neurodegenerative disease and neuronal cell death [47,50-52]. Using an oxidative stress model, Maher and colleagues [53] aswell as other investigators [47, 50, 54] have shown that Fisetin(3,3′,4′,7-tetrahydroxyflavone) can modulate intracellular signals andreduce oxidation-induced apoptotic mechanisms. A rodent study showedthat quercetin (3,3′,4′,5,7 pentahydroxyflavone) could reduceneurological deficits and cerebral infarction area following an ischemicevent [55], and resveratrol(5-[(E)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethenyl]benzene-1,3-diol) may be useful inthe treatment of stroke [56-58]. Thus, it appears that severalpolyphenolic compounds with diverse structural elements can reduceischemia-induced neuronal degeneration and neurological deficits.

i. Chlorogenic Acid (CGA)

Many foods such as artichokes, blueberries and coffee contain highamounts of chlorogenic acid [(1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxy-cyclohexanecarboxylicacid 3-(3,4-dihydroxycinnamate), CGA [31, 59, 60] a polyphenol ester ofcaffeic acid and quinic acid [45, 46, 61, 62]. The polyphenolicphenylpropanoid ester CGA has long thought to have antioxidantproperties [59, 63, 64] and thus may be beneficial in the treatment ofstroke. The recent scientific literature on CGA suggests that it mayproduce beneficial effects via multiple mechanisms of action. Besidesbeing an antioxidant, CGA has anti-inflammatory properties in rats [65]and it has also recently been described as a high affinity (or strong)metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) inhibitor [66]. Considering the importanceof all three mechanisms in the progression of stroke [67-74], CGAappears to be a strong drug candidate for investigation as a therapeuticto reduce or attenuate the detrimental behavioral consequences ofembolic stroke. Results show that CGA effectively improves behaviorfollowing in the rabbit small clot embolic stroke model (RSCEM) (FIG.1).

ii. Fisetin

Fisetin (3,7,3′,4′-Tetrahydroxyflavone) is a member of the flavonoidfamily of structurally heterogeneous, polyphenolic compounds which arethought to have potent antioxidant and free radical scavengingproperties [75]. Flavonoids protect nerve cells from oxidative stress bythree distinct mechanisms, only one of which is directly related totheir antioxidant activity [53]. In addition to preventing theaccumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), flavonoids can block theearly loss of cellular glutathione (GSH) or the late influx of Ca² intocells. More recently, it has been found that specific flavonoids possessneurotrophic activities and can promote the development, maintenance andregeneration of nerve cells. The ability of flavonoids to induce neuriteoutgrowth in PC12 cells using a well-studied model of neuronaldifferentiation. It was found that a small subset of the flavonoidswhich were neuroprotective could also induce neurite outgrowth and thebest of these was the flavone, Fisetin [53]. The induction of neuriteoutgrowth by Fisetin is dependent upon activation of the Ras-Raf-ERKpathway. Fisetin was also tested for its ability to enhance memory usingthe object discrimination test, a well-established model for studyingmemory in mice. It was found that an oral dose of Fisetin potentiatesmemory equally as well as rolipram [76]. These results indicate thatcertain flavonoids could be very useful for promoting the recovery ofdamaged nerves as well as preventing nerve cell death. As a result ofthese neuroprotective actions, it was determined whether Fisetin waseffective in reducing ischemic damage. FIG. 2 shows that Fisetin is alsoneuroprotective in the RSCEM.

iii. Baicalein

Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are dioxygenases that incorporate molecular oxygeninto polyunsaturated fatty acids and, based on the site of insertion ofthe oxygen, are generally classified as 5-, 12-, or 15-LOXs [77]. Recentevidence suggests that 12-LOX may play a role in ischemia-induced nervecell loss and edema, which is a major complication associated withunfavorable outcome after ischemic stroke [78]. There is a correlationbetween an early reduction in GSH levels in ischemia and the activationof 12-LOX [79, 80]. Using in vitro cell culture assays, 12-LOXinhibitors have been shown to block glutamate-induced cell death [80]and both 5- and 12-LOX inhibitors block ischemic injury in hippocampalslice cultures [81]. Baicalein (5,6,7 trihydroxyflavone) is also a12/15-LOX inhibitor that reduces neutrophil-mediated inflammatoryreactions in rat brain ischemia [82]. Baicalein is a potent free radicalscavenger and xanthine oxidase inhibitor [83, 84]. In addition to12-LOX, Baicalein has a weak inhibitory effect on 5-LOX and leukotrienesynthesis [85]. It has, in fact, been observed that many flavonoids havethe ability to inhibit both LOX and COX subtypes [86]. Taken together,it appears that 12/15-LOX are important enzymes that may mediateneurodegeneration following ischemia. Preliminary evidence showing thatthe 12/15-LOX inhibitor reduces infarct volume following a stroke hasbeen published [82, 87].

While the inhibition of 12-LOX by Baicalein is neuroprotective andBaicalein works well in the rabbit stroke model and a rodent strokemodel, Baicalein functions, at least in part, by the inhibition of12-LOX. While it has been shown that the products of 12-LOX are toxic,others have demonstrated that a product of the LOX enzymes,19,17S-docasatriene (NPD1), is neuroprotective in various models,including mouse ischemia [88]. While NPD1 is primarily derived fromfatty acid metabolism through 15-LOX [88], Baicalein is primarily aninhibitor of 12-LOX and therefore the synthesis of this importantpro-survival molecule should not be significantly altered in thepresence of Baicalein. Another LOX metabolite is arachidonic acid, HETE,is angiogenic, and it is advantageous to promote new blood vessel growthfollowing stroke [89]. However, as with NPD1, HETE made by 15-LOX,15(S)-HETE is much more potent than 5(S)-HETE or 12(S)-HETE [89].Therefore, the inhibition of 12-LOX by Baicalein should not have asignificant effect on neovascularization following ischemia.

Recently, Lo and colleagues have published a series of studies showingthat LOX inhibitors such as Baicalein may be neuroprotective to neuronsand also prevent vascular damage and edema following ischemic strokes[78, 90]. In fact, a recent report from van Leyen and colleagues havesuggested that the group is undertaking a drug development approach totreat stroke by virtual screening of libraries in order to identify newLOX inhibitor candidates [78, 90]. Taken together, the results frompreclinical studies from Lo and colleagues along preclinical studiesfurther support LOX as a valuable target to treat stroke.

The three drug classes described above were studied. Chlorogenic acid,Fisetin and Baicalein are all members of the polyphenolic family ofcompounds that have antioxidant activity. Moreover, there is substantialinformation in the literature describing the multifunctionality of eachof the compounds. The evidence shows that the three polyphenoliccompounds with diverse structural elements can reduce ischemia-inducedneuronal degeneration and neurological deficits. On the basis of strongin vitro and in vivo preliminary data, the polyphenol compoundsdescribed herein were studies and new derivatives for testing weresynthesized, which can be more effective than the parent compounds.

2. Subjects Amenable to Treatment

Various embodiments of the present invention provide for a methods oftreating ischemia or a condition where ischemia occurs, comprisingadministering the polyphenol analog to a subject in need thereof. Themethod may further comprise identifying the subject in need of treatmentor prevention for ischemia or the condition where ischemia occurs.

Subjects amenable to treatment include those who have experienced anischemic event, for example, an embolic stroke. In a subject known tohave experienced ischemia or an ischemic event, the polyphenolcompound(s) are generally administered within 24 hours of the estimatedoccurrence of the ischemic event, for example, within 20 hours, 18hours, 16 hours, 12 hours, 10 hours, 8 hours, 5 hours, 3 hours, 1 hour,or less, of the estimated occurrence of the ischemic event. In variousembodiments, the polyphenol compound(s) can be administered 5, 10, 20,30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, and/or 120 minutes after the ischemic event. Invarious embodiments, the polyphenol compound(s) can be administeredwithin 2, 3, 4, 5 and/or 6 hours after the ischemic event. In variousembodiments, the polyphenol compound(s) can be administered up to 6hours, for example, up to 12 hours or 24 hours, after the ischemicevent.

In some embodiments, the subject is at risk for developing an ischemia,and the polyphenol compound(s) are administered prophylactically toprevent the occurrence of an ischemic event. For example, the subjectmay be scheduled to undergo major surgery, in which the surgicalprocedure exposes the subject to risk of an ischemic event, e.g., anembolic stroke. In various embodiments, the polyphenol compound(s) canbe administered to a subject undergoing cardiac surgery, e.g., cardiacbypass surgery, to reduce the risk or prevent the occurrence of thesubject experiencing an ischemic event. The compounds can beadministered prior to, during and/or after surgery in order to preventor mitigate the occurrence of ischemia.

3. Conditions Subject to Treatment

The polyphenol compound(s) can be useful for the treatment of ischemia,including cardiovascular ischemia and ischemic stroke. In someembodiments, the subject has experienced or is at risk of experiencingan embolic stroke, e.g., a cardioembolic or an atherothrombotic stroke.

Ischemia is the result of low to no blood flow resulting in clinicallyrecognizable deficits. There is one underlying commonality between alltypes of ischemia, the activation of the “ischemic cascade”. Keycomponents of the cascade include reduced tissue metabolism, depletionof energy stores, and, depending upon the duration of the initialinsult, triggering of a cascade of excitotoxicity, free radicalformation, inflammation, vascular injury and programmed cell death,which results in cell death.

For example, in stroke, reduced blood flow and severe oxygen deficiencyleads to an ischemic brain area, comprised of a central core of severelyischemic tissue that will die, surrounded by a tissue zone consisting ofmoderate ischemic tissue with preserved cellular metabolism andviability. For a yet undefined period of time after a stroke, thereappears to be a region of salvageable tissue commonly referred to as a“penumbra” to target with novel therapies such as polyphenols in orderto improve cellular and clinical functions.

Free radical species appear to be important mediators in the progressionof the ischemic cascade resulting in cell death and clinical deficits.This is central to many diseases where there is an ischemic component.Free radicals are chemical compounds having one or more unpairedelectrons, which makes them highly reactive with a variety of brainsubstrates. Free radicals can be classified by their core reactivespecies, oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)usually refers to oxygen-based molecules such as superoxide, hydrogenperoxide (H₂O₂), hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, whereas an reactivenitrogen species can include nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite. Sulfurfree radicals may take the form of GS^(·), which are generated fromglutathione (GSH), hydrated sulfur dioxide or sulfur trioxide anionradicals ((·)SO(3)(−)). Increased levels of oxygen, nitrogen orsulfur-based free radicals can cause damage to virtually all cellularcomponents, including membranes, DNA, lipid bilayers, and proteins,which are components of all cell types.

Polyphenolic compounds have external antioxidant activities that canreduce the effects of free radicals, thus blocking tissue damage andclinical deficits. Internally, due to the ability of polyphenols toincrease intracellular GSH as a mechanism of action, they can alsoreduce or attenuate free radical damage. In addition, many polyhenoliccompounds have anti-excitotoxic effects (i.e.: the ability to counteractglutamate-induced damage on cells). Glutamate toxicity is one of theprimary initiators of the ischemic cascade. Since polyphenols can blockthis deleterious action, they can act as neuroprotective compounds.These activities of polyphenols can be applied to a variety of diseasessuch as embolic stroke, Ischemic stroke, Hemorrhagic stroke, Ischemicheart conditions (patients undergoing heart bypass surgery, heart valvereplacement) and Ischemia related spinal cord injury.

The polyphenol compound(s) can also be used for the treatment ofdiabetes and symptoms thereof, multiple sclerosis (MS) and symptomsthereof, dementia (Alzheimer's and non-Alzheimer's) and symptomsthereof, traumatic brain injury and symptoms thereof, and spinal cordinjury and symptoms thereof. The compound(s) can also be used to treatpatients at risk for any of these conditions.

The complications of diabetes are the major cause of both morbidity andmortality in patients with the disease. Chronic hyperglycemia is thoughtto be a major cause of these complications and the downstreamconsequences of hyperglycemia include multiple pathophysiologicalprocesses including protein glycation, reactive oxygen species (ROS)production and inflammation. Using a genetic model of type 1 diabetes,the Akita mouse, we recently showed that fisetin reduces two majorcomplications of diabetes (Maher et al. PLoS One 6:e21226, 2011).Although fisetin had no effect on the elevation of blood sugar, itreduced kidney hypertrophy and albuminuria and maintained normal levelsof locomotion in the open field test. This correlated with a reductionin proteins glycated by MG in the blood, kidney and brain offisetin-treated animals along with an increase in glyoxalase 1 enzymeactivity and an elevation in the expression of the rate-limiting enzymefor the synthesis of glutathione, a co-factor for glyoxalase 1. Theexpression of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE),serum amyloid A and serum C-reactive protein, markers of proteinoxidation, glycation and inflammation, were also increased in diabeticAkita mice and reduced by fisetin. It is concluded that fisetin lowersthe elevation of MG-protein glycation that is associated with diabetesand ameliorates multiple complications of the disease. Therefore,fisetin or a synthetic derivative may have potential therapeutic use forthe treatment of diabetic complications. Accordingly, the inventionprovides methods of treating, reducing, mitigating, preventing diabetes,or one or more sequelae or symptoms thereof.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex, chronic inflammatory anddemyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Its precisecause is unclear and its pathogenesis in incompletely understood.Chronic disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) is due to neuronaldegeneration which is only incompletely amenable to immunomodulatorytherapy. The mechanisms remain elusive, but there is accumulatingevidence that oxidative stress may play a key role. Dimethylfumarate(DMF) is a promising novel oral therapeutic which reduces diseaseactivity and progression in patients with relapsing-remitting multiplesclerosis. These effects are presumed to originate from bothimmunomodulatory and neuroprotective mechanisms. We recently showed thatthe protective effects of DMF are mediated by a combination of itsability to upregulate glutathione metabolism and its anti-inflammatoryactivity (Albrecht et al. J. Neuroinflammation 9:163, 2012). These twoproperties are shared by fisetin and a number of the fisetin derivativessuggesting that these compounds have the potential to be effective inthe treatment of MS. Furthermore, compounds closely related to fisetinsuch as the flavonoid luteolin have shown some efficacy in animal modelsof MS (Theoharides, J. Neuroinflammation 6:29, 2009). Accordingly, theinvention provides methods of treating, reducing, mitigating, preventingMS, or one or more sequelae or symptoms thereof.

Dementia is a progressive decline in cognitive function resulting inimpairments in memory, thinking, language and judgment and alterationsin behavior. There are many different types of dementia. In addition toAlzheimer's disease (AD), other common forms include vascular dementia,frontotemporal lobe dementia, semantic dementia and dementia with Lewybodies. Fisetin is effective in multiple cell-based models that mimicmany of the factors that contribute to the loss of brain function in ADas well as other dementias such as decreases in neurotrophic factors andincreases in oxidative stress, protein aggregation and inflammation.Importantly, fisetin is able both to prevent memory loss and to restorememory in mouse models of AD. Together, these results suggest thatfisetin and fisetin derivatives could be effective against other typesof dementia, especially as many dementias are associated with increasedage and fisetin is effective at reducing age-related changes in nervecell function both in cell culture models and in animals. Accordingly,the invention provides methods of treating, reducing, mitigating,preventing diabetes, or one or more sequelae or symptoms thereof.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disabilityin civilian and military individuals aged 45 years and younger. TBIresults in cognitive deficits in humans that can be reproduced in animalmodels. There are no effective treatments to reduce the consequences ofTBI. TBI is associated with decreases in neurotrophic factors as well asmolecules involved in synaptic plasticity and neuronal signaling andincreases in oxidative stress. Fisetin is effective in multiplecell-based models that mimic many of the factors that contribute to theimpairment of brain function in TBI. Furthermore, it is able to enhancesynaptic plasticity and neuronal signaling in animals. Thus, it islikely that fisetin and fisetin derivatives could be effective inreducing the impact of TBI in humans.

In some embodiments, the subject has experienced an ischemic event. Theischemia treated by the methods of the present invention may occur in avariety of ways. In various embodiments, the ischemia may occur during avascular occlusion in the body. The vascular occlusion may be caused bya variety of conditions, including, but not limited to extramuralcompression, arterial spasm, diseases of the vessel wall, thrombosis,embolism, and blood clot. In various embodiments, the ischemia can occurduring or as a result of a stroke. In other embodiments, the ischemiacan occur during or as a result of a cardiac event; such as, anarrhythmia or heart attack. In other embodiments, the ischemia can occurduring cardiovascular surgery. In other embodiments, the ischemia canoccur during or as a result of traumatic brain injury. In particularembodiments, subjects with acute ischemic stroke are treated by themethods of the present invention. Accordingly, the invention providesmethods of treating, reducing, mitigating, preventing traumatic braininjury, or one or more sequelae or symptoms thereof.

In some embodiments, the subject is at risk of experiencing an ischemicevent. As discussed above, the polyphenol compound(s) can beadministered to a subject before, during or after major surgery, forexample, cardiovascular surgery, to prevent or mitigate the occurrenceof ischemia.

4. Compounds for Use in Treating and Preventing Ischemia

Various embodiments of the present invention provide for polyphenolanalogs. In various embodiments, the polyphenol analogs are derived fromchlorogenic acid, Fisetin, Baicalein or combinations thereof. Thepolyphenol analogs are not chlorogenic acid, Fisetin, or Baicaleinthemselves, however. In various embodiments, the polyphenol analogsstructurally comprise a flavonol, a quinoline or a cinnamate. In variousembodiments, the polyphenol analogs structurally comprise a flavonol ora quinolone.

Functionally, polyphenol analogs of interest can function asneuroprotective compounds and can be administered to a subject for thetreatment and prevention of ischemia and symptoms associated withischemia. The compounds provided herein provide improved neuroprotectiveactivity in comparison to the parent compounds, i.e., in comparison tochlorogenic acid, Fisetin or Baicalein. The polyphenol analogs describedherein can provide equivalent neuroprotective effects in comparison tothe parent compounds at low doses, for example, at a dose that is about75%, 50%, 25%, or less, of the dose of the parent compound required toachieve an equivalent neuroprotective effect. In various embodiments,the polyphenol analogs described herein inhibit MMP-9 (e.g., likechlorogenic acid). In some embodiments the polyphenol analogs describedherein have anti-inflammatory and/or anti-oxidant properties. Forexample, like other flavonoid compounds, the polyphenol analogsdescribed herein can protect nerve cells from oxidative stress, e.g., bypreventing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), blockingthe early loss of cellular glutathione (GSH), and/or the late influx ofCa⁺² into cells. In some embodiments, the polyphenol analogs possessneurotrophic activities and can promote the development, maintenance andregeneration of nerve cells, including induction or promotion of neuriteoutgrowth (e.g., like Fisetin). In some embodiments, the polyphenolanalogs can inhibit 12-LOX, scavenge free radical, and/or inhibitxanthine oxidase (e.g., like Baicalein). Preferred polyphenol analogshave the ability to penetrate and cross the blood-brain-barrier.

Structurally, in various embodiments, the compounds can comprise astructure of any one of Formulae I, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, IIIC, IIID,IIIE, IIIF, IIIG, IIIH, and/or IIIJ, as described herein, wherein thecompound is not Fisetin, Baicalein, PM-001, PM-002, PM-003, PM-004,PM-008 and/or PM-014. In various embodiments, the compounds can comprisea structure of any one of Formulae IVA, IVB, IVC, IVD, IVE, IVF, IVG,IVH, IVJ, as described herein, wherein the compound is not chlorogenicacid.

In various embodiments, the polyphenol analog is

-   4-methoxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-007);-   4-ethoxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-023);-   4-isopropoxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-024);-   4-isopropoxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-084);-   4-cyclopentyloxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-121);-   4-methoxy-2-(3-hydroxy,4-methoxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-001);-   4-methoxy-2-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-004);-   4-methoxy-2-(4-hydroxy,3-methoxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-017);-   4-methoxy-2-phenylquinoline (CMS-021);-   4-methoxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-022);-   4-methoxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-083);-   4-methoxy-2-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)quinoline (CMS-109);-   4-methoxy-2-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)quinoline (CMS-110);-   4-methoxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-nitrophenyl)quinoline (CMS-111);-   4-isopropoxy-2-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)quinoline (CMS-112); or-   4-isopropoxy-2-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)quinoline (CMS-113).

In various embodiments, the polyphenol analog is

-   2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-6-methyl-4H-chromen-4-one    (PM-010);-   2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one (PM-013);-   2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-6-propyl-4H-chromen-4-one    (PM-012);-   2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one    (CMS-040);-   3-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one    (CMS-069);-   2-(4-(benzyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one    (CMS-065);-   2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one    (CMS-072);-   2-(4-(benzyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one    (CMS-059);-   2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one    (CMS-064);-   2-(4-(chloromethyl)-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one    (CMS-078);-   3-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one    (CMS-092);-   2-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-3-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one    (CMS-117);-   3-hydroxy-2-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one    (CMS-114);-   2-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-3-hydroxy-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one    (CMS-118);-   3-hydroxy-2-(3-methoxy-4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one    (CMS-139);-   3-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one    (CMS-140);-   2-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one (CMS-018);-   2-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one    (CMS-025);-   2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one    (CMS-027);-   2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one (CMS-028);-   2-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one (CMS-036);-   2-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one (CMS-038);-   3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-1H-benzo[f]chromen-1-one    (CMS-041);-   2-(4-(benzyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one    (CMS-058);-   2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one    (CMS-093);-   2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one (CMS-094);-   3-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one    (CMS-070);-   2-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one (CMS-115);-   6,7-dimethyl-2-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one    (CMS-116);-   2-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one (CMS-119);-   2-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one (CMS-120); or-   3-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-2-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one    (CMS-122).

In various embodiments, the polyphenol analog is

-   (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one    (CMS-011);-   (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-(1-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one    (CMS-034);-   (E)-3-(3-hydroxy-4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-1-(1-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one    (CMS-138);-   (E)-1-(1-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)-3-(3-methoxy-4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)prop-2-en-1-one    (CMS-137);-   (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-(2-hydroxy-5-isopropylphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one    (CMS-129);-   (E)-3-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one    (CMS-013);-   (E)-3-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)-1-(1-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one    (CMS-032);-   (E)-3-(4-(benzyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-(1-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one    (CMS-063);-   (E)-3-(3-(benzyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one    (CMS-086);-   (E)-3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one    (CMS-087); or-   (E)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylphenyl)-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one    (CMS-088).

In various embodiments, the polyphenol analog is selected from thepolyphenol compounds provided in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4,Table 6, Table 7 and/or Table 8.

In various embodiments, the polyphenol analog is selected from the groupconsisting of PM-010, PM-013, PM-012, CMS-007, CMS-011, CMS-023,CMS-024, CMS-034, CMS-040, CMS-059, CMS-069, and combinations thereof(i.e., selected from the compounds listed in Table 6). In variousembodiments, the polyphenol analog is selected from the group consistingof CMS-034, CMS-040, CMS-065, CMS-072, PM-010, PM-013, PM-012, CMS-011,CMS-059, CMS-064, CMS-069, CMS-078, CMS-092, CMS-007, CMS-023, CMS-024,CMS-084, and combinations thereof (i.e., selected from the compoundslisted in Table 7). In various embodiments, the polyphenol analog isselected from the group consisting of CMS-034, CMS-092, CMS-114,CMS-117, CMS-118, CMS-121, CMS-129, CMS-137, CMS-138, CMS-139, CMS-140,and combinations thereof (i.e., selected from the compounds listed inTable 8). In various embodiments, the polyphenol analog is selected fromthe group consisting of CMS-007, CMS-011, CMS-023, CMS-024, CMS-034,CMS-040, CMS-069 and combinations thereof. In other embodiments, thepolyphenol analog is selected from the group consisting of CMS-023,CMS-024, CMS-040, CMS-069 and combinations thereof. In some embodiments,the polyphenol analog is CMS-023.

In various embodiments, Fisetin, Baicalein, chlorogenic acid, PM-001,PM-002, PM-003, PM-004, PM-008 and PM-014 are expressly excluded, e.g.,from the claimed compositions and from use in the present methods.

5. Screening Assays for Identification of Polyphenol Compounds Useful toTreat and Prevent Ischemia

Polyphenol analogs of interest for their neuroprotective properties andtheir use in treating, preventing and/or mitigating one or more symptomsof ischemia can be identified by testing compounds in in vitro and/or invivo screening assays.

Numerous in vitro assays are known in the art and find use. Testcompounds can be screened for their ability to inhibit nerve cell deathone or more neurotoxicity paradigms, including without limitation,trophic factor withdrawal (TFW), excitotoxicity, glucose starvation, andchemically-induced ischemia. For example, the compounds can be contactedwith hippocampal cells cultured in vitro in the presence of iodoaceticacid (IAA), an irreversible inhibitor of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphatedehydrogenase (G3PDH), in an established in vitro stroke model.Compounds of interest preserve the survival of at least 80% of thecultured hippocampal cells in the presence of IAA. The neuroprotectiveproperties of compound of interest can also be screened in an in vitroexcitotoxicity assay. Such in vitro neuron excitotoxicity assays areknown in the art (see, e.g., Ishige, et al., Free Radic Biol Med, (2001)30(4): p. 433-46). Compounds of interest preserve the survival of atleast 35% of primary cultured neurons in the presence of glutamate. Invitro assays for determining neuronal cell survival when subjected totrophic factor withdrawal are known in the art and described, e.g., inAbe, Japan J. Pharmacol., (1990) 53: p. 221-227. Cell survival can bemeasured using any method known in the art, including, e.g., MTT(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays,annexin assays, differential staining cytotoxicity (DiSC) assays, ATPassays to determine the loss of cellular ATP, fluorescein diacetateassays, which measure the loss of cell membrane esterase activity andcell membrane integrity, and propidium iodide assays.

The ability of polyphenol analogs to treat, prevent and/or mitigate oneor more symptoms of stroke can also be evaluated in in vivo assays. Suchassays are known in the art and find use. One applicable in vivoscreening assay is the rabbit clot embolic stroke model, discussed,e.g., in Lapchak, et al., Stroke (2002) 33(9):2279-84 and Lapchak, ExpNeurol. (2007) 205(2):407-13. The rabbit small clot embolic stroke model(RSCEM) and rabbit large clot embolic stroke model (RLCEM) can be usedto determine the potential neuroprotective properties and safety profileof test polyphenol analogs after an embolic stroke. Rabbits areembolized by injecting small blood clots (RSCEM) or large blood clots(RLCEM) into the cerebral circulation. Behavioral analysis is conducted24 hours later, allowing for determination of the effective stroke dose(ES50) or clot amount (milligrams) that produces severe neurologicaldeficits in 50% of rabbits. A drug is considered neuroprotective if itincreases the ES50 compared with the vehicle-treated control group.

Compounds determined to be neuroprotective in in vitro and/or in vivoassays can be further tested for their appropriateness foradministration to a subject, e.g., for mutagenicity, cytotoxicity andability to penetrate and cross the blood brain barrier. Such assays arewell known in the art and find use. For example, the mutagenicproperties of a compound can be evaluated using the Ames mutagenicityassay (see, e.g., Mortelmans, et al., Mutat. Res. (2000) 455(1-2):29-60), cytotoxity can be determined using cytochrome P450 assays andBlood Brain Barrier (BBB) penetration can be determined using a MDCKcell assay (see, e.g., Wang, et al., Intl. J. Pharmaceutics (2005)288(2): 349-359 and Rubin, et al, J. Cell Biol (1991) 115(6):1725-35).Compounds of interest are not mutagenic in the Ames mutagenicity assayat a concentration less than 10 M; have an IC₅₀ for CYP450 inhibition ata concentration greater than 10 M; and have a moderate to high potentialto penetrate and cross the blood-brain-barrier. The potential for BBBpenetration is considered high if the efflux ration for transport intothe brain or central nervous system (CNS), Papp A→B is equal to orgreater than 3.0×10⁻⁶ cm/s and efflux out of the brain or CNS is lessthan 3.0, as measured in the MDCK cell assay. The potential for BBBpenetration is considered moderate if the efflux ration for transportinto the brain or central nervous system (CNS), Papp A→B is equal to orgreater than 3.0×10⁻⁶ cm/s and 10>efflux≧3.0×10⁻⁶ cm/s, as measured inthe MDCK cell assay.

Compounds determined to be neuroprotective, and to have desiredproperties for administration to a subject (low or no mutagenicity, lowor no cytochrome P450 cytotoxicity and moderate to high ability topenetrate and cross the blood-brain-barrier) can be further tested forcytotoxicity. Any cytotoxicity assays known in the art can be used. Invarious embodiments, compounds that show promise can be furthersubjected to a CeeTox™ panel, to determine a C_(tox) ranking.

CeeTox™ quantitative measures can include one or more of the following:

(1) Membrane Integrity (GST or Adenylate Kinase leakage)(2) Mitochondrial Function measuring MTT and ATP levels(3) Cell Proliferation, e.g., using propidium iodide(4) Oxidative Stress measuring both GSH and 8-isoprostane(5) Apoptosis measuring caspase 3 activation(6) Pgp interaction

(7) Solubility; and

(8) Microsomal metabolic stability

The use of CeeTox™ quantitative measures is described, e.g., in McKim,Comb Chem High Throughput Screen. (2010) 13(2):188-206; McKim, et al.,Cutan Ocul Toxicol. (2010) 29(3):171-92; and Lapchak and McKim, TranslStroke Res. (2011) 2(1):51-59. Based upon a CeeTox™ algorithm, resultsfrom the CeeTox™ Panel of the first 7 assays described above can be usedto assign a cytotoxicity value and determine relative cytotoxicpotential of the polyphenol compound. CeeTox™ quantitative measures canbe used to identify potential subcellular targets and mechanisms oftoxicity, and to provide an estimated concentration (the C_(tox) value)where toxicity would be expected to occur in a rat 14-day in vivo repeatdose study.

The microsomal metabolic stability assay (i.e., assay 8, above) can beconducted to determine the stability of the drug candidates and to helpwith compound prioritization. Desirable polyphenol compounds willdemonstrate a probability of in vivo effects and a Ctox ranking (μM) ofgreater than 21 μM, preferably greater than 51 μM.

6. Formulation and Administration a. Formulation

In various embodiments, the present invention provides pharmaceuticalcompositions including a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient alongwith a therapeutically effective amount of the polyphenol compound(s) ofthe present invention. “Pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” means anexcipient that is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition thatis generally safe, non-toxic, and desirable, and includes excipientsthat are acceptable for veterinary use as well as for humanpharmaceutical use. Such excipients may be solid, liquid, semisolid, or,in the case of an aerosol composition, gaseous.

In various embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions according to theinvention may be formulated for delivery via any route ofadministration. “Route of administration” may refer to anyadministration pathway known in the art, including but not limited toaerosol, nasal, oral, transmucosal, transdermal or parenteral.“Transdermal” administration may be accomplished using a topical creamor ointment or by means of a transdermal patch. “Parenteral” refers to aroute of administration that is generally associated with injection,including intraorbital, infusion, intraarterial, intracarotid,intracapsular, intracardiac, intradermal, intramuscular,intraperitoneal, intrapulmonary, intraspinal, intrasternal, intrathecal,intrauterine, intravenous, subarachnoid, subcapsular, subcutaneous,transmucosal, or transtracheal. In some embodiments, the compounds areadministered by an appropriate route, for example, orally, parenterally,(intravenously (IV), intramuscularly (IM), depo-IM, subcutaneously (SQ),and depo-SQ), sublingually, intranasally (inhalation), intrathecally,topically, ionophoretically or rectally. Preferably, the compounds areadministered by a route such that the compounds cross theblood-brain-barrier, e.g., for delivery to cerebral tissue. Dosage formsknown to those of skill in the art are suitable for delivery of thecompound.

Via the parenteral route, the compositions may be in the form ofsolutions or suspensions for infusion or for injection, or aslyophilized powders. Via the enteral route, the pharmaceuticalcompositions can be in the form of tablets, gel capsules, sugar-coatedtablets, syrups, suspensions, solutions, powders, granules, emulsions,microspheres or nanospheres or lipid vesicles or polymer vesiclesallowing controlled release. Via the parenteral route, the compositionsmay be in the form of solutions or suspensions for infusion or forinjection. Via the topical route, the pharmaceutical compositions basedon compounds according to the invention may be formulated for treatingthe skin and mucous membranes and are in the form of ointments, creams,milks, salves, powders, impregnated pads, solutions, gels, sprays,lotions or suspensions. They can also be in the form of microspheres ornanospheres or lipid vesicles or polymer vesicles or polymer patches andhydrogels allowing controlled release. These topical-route compositionscan be either in anhydrous form or in aqueous form depending on theclinical indication. Via the ocular route, they may be in the form ofeye drops.

The pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention can alsocontain any pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. “Pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier” as used herein refers to a pharmaceuticallyacceptable material, composition, or vehicle that is involved incarrying or transporting a compound of interest from one tissue, organ,or portion of the body to another tissue, organ, or portion of the body.For example, the carrier may be a liquid or solid filler, diluent,excipient, solvent, or encapsulating material, or a combination thereof.Each component of the carrier must be “pharmaceutically acceptable” inthat it must be compatible with the other ingredients of theformulation. It must also be suitable for use in contact with anytissues or organs with which it may come in contact, meaning that itmust not carry a risk of toxicity, irritation, allergic response,immunogenicity, or any other complication that excessively outweighs itstherapeutic benefits.

Compositions are provided that contain therapeutically effective amountsof the polyphenol. The compounds are preferably formulated into suitablepharmaceutical preparations such as tablets, capsules, or elixirs fororal administration or in sterile solutions or suspensions forparenteral administration. Typically the compounds described above areformulated into pharmaceutical compositions using techniques andprocedures well known in the art.

The compounds can be administered in the “native” form or, if desired,in the form of salts, esters, amides, prodrugs, derivatives, and thelike, provided the salt, ester, amide, prodrug or derivative is suitablepharmacologically, i.e., effective in the present method(s). Salts,esters, amides, prodrugs and other derivatives of the active agents canbe prepared using standard procedures known to those skilled in the artof synthetic organic chemistry and described, for example, by March(1992) Advanced Organic Chemistry; Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure,4th Ed. N.Y. Wiley-Interscience.

Methods of formulating such derivatives are known to those of skill inthe art. For example, the disulfide salts of a number of delivery agentsare described in PCT Publication WO 2000/059863 which is incorporatedherein by reference. Similarly, acid salts of therapeutic peptides,peptoids, or other mimetics, and can be prepared from the free baseusing conventional methodology that typically involves reaction with asuitable acid. Generally, the base form of the drug is dissolved in apolar organic solvent such as methanol or ethanol and the acid is addedthereto. The resulting salt either precipitates or can be brought out ofsolution by addition of a less polar solvent. Suitable acids forpreparing acid addition salts include, but are not limited to bothorganic acids, e.g., acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvicacid, oxalic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid,fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid,mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid,p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, and the like, as well asinorganic acids, e.g., hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuricacid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like. An acid addition saltcan be reconverted to the free base by treatment with a suitable base.Certain particularly preferred acid addition salts of the active agentsherein include halide salts, such as may be prepared using hydrochloricor hydrobromic acids. Conversely, preparation of basic salts of theactive agents of this invention are prepared in a similar manner using apharmaceutically acceptable base such as sodium hydroxide, potassiumhydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, trimethylamine, or thelike. In certain embodiments basic salts include alkali metal salts,e.g., the sodium salt, and copper salts.

For the preparation of salt forms of basic drugs, the pKa of thecounterion is preferably at least about 2 pH lower than the pKa of thedrug. Similarly, for the preparation of salt forms of acidic drugs, thepKa of the counterion is preferably at least about 2 pH higher than thepKa of the drug. This permits the counterion to bring the solution's pHto a level lower than the pHmax to reach the salt plateau, at which thesolubility of salt prevails over the solubility of free acid or base.The generalized rule of difference in pKa units of the ionizable groupin the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and in the acid or base ismeant to make the proton transfer energetically favorable. When the pKaof the API and counterion are not significantly different, a solidcomplex may form but may rapidly disproportionate (i.e., break down intothe individual entities of drug and counterion) in an aqueousenvironment.

Preferably, the counterion is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion.Suitable anionic salt forms include, but are not limited to acetate,benzoate, benzylate, bitartrate, bromide, carbonate, chloride, citrate,edetate, edisylate, estolate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate,hydrobromide, hydrochloride, iodide, lactate, lactobionate, malate,maleate, mandelate, mesylate, methyl bromide, methyl sulfate, mucate,napsylate, nitrate, pamoate (embonate), phosphate and diphosphate,salicylate and disalicylate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate,tosylate, triethiodide, valerate, and the like, while suitable cationicsalt forms include, but are not limited to aluminum, benzathine,calcium, ethylene diamine, lysine, magnesium, meglumine, potassium,procaine, sodium, tromethamine, zinc, and the like.

In various embodiments preparation of esters typically involvesfunctionalization of hydroxyl and/or carboxyl groups that are presentwithin the molecular structure of the active agent. In certainembodiments, the esters are typically acyl-substituted derivatives offree alcohol groups, i.e., moieties that are derived from carboxylicacids of the formula RCOOH where R is alkyl, and preferably is loweralkyl. Esters can be reconverted to the free acids, if desired, by usingconventional hydrogenolysis or hydrolysis procedures.

Amides can also be prepared using techniques known to those skilled inthe art or described in the pertinent literature. For example, amidesmay be prepared from esters, using suitable amine reactants, or they maybe prepared from an anhydride or an acid chloride by reaction withammonia or a lower alkyl amine.

About 1 mg to about 1000 mg of one or more of the compounds describedherein or a physiologically acceptable salt or ester thereof iscompounded with a physiologically acceptable vehicle, carrier,excipient, binder, preservative, stabilizer, flavor, etc., in a unitdosage form as called for by accepted pharmaceutical practice. Theamount of active substance in those compositions or preparations is suchthat a suitable dosage in the range indicated is obtained. Thecompositions are preferably formulated in a unit dosage form, eachdosage containing from about 1-1000 mg, 2-800 mg, 5-500 mg, 10-400 mg,50-200 mg, e.g., about 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, 25 mg, 30 mg, 35 mg,40 mg, 45 mg, 50 mg, 60 mg, 70 mg, 80 mg, 90 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg,400 mg, 500 mg, 600 mg, 700 mg, 800 mg, 900 mg or 1000 mg of the activeingredient. The term “unit dosage from” refers to physically discreteunits suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals,each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active materialcalculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in associationwith a suitable pharmaceutical excipient.

To prepare compositions, the compounds are mixed with a suitablepharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Upon mixing or addition of thecompound(s), the resulting mixture may be a solution, suspension,emulsion, or the like. Liposomal suspensions may also be suitable aspharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These may be prepared according tomethods known to those skilled in the art, e.g., involving milling,mixing, granulation, and compressing, when necessary, for tablet forms;or milling, mixing and filling for hard gelatin capsule forms. When aliquid carrier is used, the preparation can be in the form of a syrup,an elixir, an emulsion or an aqueous or non-aqueous suspension. Such aliquid formulation may be administered directly p.o. or filled into asoft gelatin capsule. The form of the resulting mixture depends upon anumber of factors, including the intended mode of administration and thesolubility of the compound in the selected carrier or vehicle. Theeffective concentration is sufficient for lessening or ameliorating atleast one symptom of the disease, disorder, or condition treated and maybe empirically determined.

Pharmaceutical carriers or vehicles suitable for administration of thecompounds provided herein include any such carriers known to thoseskilled in the art to be suitable for the particular mode ofadministration. In addition, the active materials can also be mixed withother active materials that do not impair the desired action, or withmaterials that supplement the desired action, or have another action.The compounds may be formulated as the sole pharmaceutically activeingredient in the composition or may be combined with other activeingredients.

Where the compounds exhibit insufficient solubility, methods forsolubilizing may be used. Such methods are known and include, but arenot limited to, using cosolvents such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), usingsurfactants such as Tween™, using a solubilizer such as Solutol®(ethylene oxide and 12-hydroxy stearic acid), and dissolution in aqueoussodium bicarbonate. Derivatives of the compounds, such as salts orprodrugs may also be used in formulating effective pharmaceuticalcompositions.

The concentration of the compound is effective for delivery of an amountupon administration that lessens or ameliorates at least one symptom ofthe disorder for which the compound is administered and/or that iseffective in a prophylactic context. Typically, the compositions areformulated for single dosage (e.g., daily) administration.

The compound may be prepared with carriers that protect them againstrapid elimination from the body, such as time-release formulations orcoatings. Such carriers include controlled release formulations, suchas, but not limited to, microencapsulated delivery systems. The activecompound is included in the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in anamount sufficient to exert a therapeutically useful effect in theabsence of undesirable side effects on the patient treated. Thetherapeutically effective concentration may be determined empirically bytesting the compounds in known in vitro and in vivo model systems forthe treated disorder. A therapeutically or prophylactically effectivedose can be determined by first administering a low dose, and thenincrementally increasing until a dose is reached that achieves thedesired effect with minimal or no undesired side effects.

In various embodiments, the compound can be enclosed in multiple orsingle dose containers. The enclosed compounds and compositions can beprovided in kits, for example, including component parts that can beassembled for use. For example, a compound inhibitor in lyophilized formand a suitable diluent may be provided as separated components forcombination prior to use. A kit may include a compound inhibitor and asecond therapeutic agent for co-administration. The inhibitor and secondtherapeutic agent may be provided as separate component parts. A kit mayinclude a plurality of containers, each container holding one or moreunit dose of the polyphenol compound(s). The containers are preferablyadapted for the desired mode of administration, including, but notlimited to tablets, gel capsules, sustained-release capsules, and thelike for oral administration; depot products, pre-filled syringes,ampules, vials, and the like for parenteral administration; and patches,medipads, creams, and the like for topical administration.

The concentration and/or amount of active compound in the drugcomposition will depend on absorption, inactivation, and excretion ratesof the active compound, the dosage schedule, and amount administered aswell as other factors known to those of skill in the art.

The active ingredient may be administered at once, or may be dividedinto a number of smaller doses to be administered at intervals of time.It is understood that the precise dosage and duration of treatment is afunction of the disease being treated and may be determined empiricallyusing known testing protocols or by extrapolation from in vivo or invitro test data. It is to be noted that concentrations and dosage valuesmay also vary with the severity of the condition to be alleviated. It isto be further understood that for any particular subject, specificdosage regimens should be adjusted over time according to the individualneed and the professional judgment of the person administering orsupervising the administration of the compositions, and that theconcentration ranges set forth herein are exemplary only and are notintended to limit the scope or practice of the claimed compositions.

If oral administration is desired, the compound can be provided in aformulation that protects it from the acidic environment of the stomach.For example, the composition can be formulated in an enteric coatingthat maintains its integrity in the stomach and releases the activecompound in the intestine. The composition may also be formulated incombination with an antacid or other such ingredient.

Oral compositions will generally include an inert diluent or an ediblecarrier and may be compressed into tablets or enclosed in gelatincapsules. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the activecompound or compounds can be incorporated with excipients and used inthe form of tablets, capsules, or troches. Pharmaceutically compatiblebinding agents and adjuvant materials can be included as part of thecomposition.

In various embodiments, the tablets, pills, capsules, troches, and thelike can contain any of the following ingredients or compounds of asimilar nature: a binder such as, but not limited to, gum tragacanth,acacia, corn starch, or gelatin; an excipient such as microcrystallinecellulose, starch, or lactose; a disintegrating agent such as, but notlimited to, alginic acid and corn starch; a lubricant such as, but notlimited to, magnesium stearate; a gildant, such as, but not limited to,colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose orsaccharin; and a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate,or fruit flavoring.

When the dosage unit form is a capsule, it can contain, in addition tomaterial of the above type, a liquid carrier such as a fatty oil. Inaddition, dosage unit forms can contain various other materials, whichmodify the physical form of the dosage unit, for example, coatings ofsugar and other enteric agents. The compounds can also be administeredas a component of an elixir, suspension, syrup, wafer, chewing gum orthe like. A syrup may contain, in addition to the active compounds,sucrose as a sweetening agent and certain preservatives, dyes andcolorings, and flavors.

The active materials can also be mixed with other active materials thatdo not impair the desired action, or with materials that supplement thedesired action.

Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, subcutaneous,or topical application can include any of the following components: asterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oil,a naturally occurring vegetable oil such as sesame oil, coconut oil,peanut oil, cottonseed oil, and the like, or a synthetic fatty vehiclesuch as ethyl oleate, and the like, polyethylene glycol, glycerine,propylene glycol, or other synthetic solvent; antimicrobial agents suchas benzyl alcohol and methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbicacid and sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such asethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); buffers such as acetates,citrates, and phosphates; and agents for the adjustment of tonicity suchas sodium chloride and dextrose. Parenteral preparations can be enclosedin ampoules, disposable syringes, or multiple dose vials made of glass,plastic, or other suitable material. Buffers, preservatives,antioxidants, and the like can be incorporated as required.

In various embodiments, the compounds are formulated for intravenousadministration. When administered intravenously, suitable carriersinclude physiological saline, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), andsolutions containing thickening and solubilizing agents such as glucose,polyethylene glycol, polypropyleneglycol, and mixtures thereof.Liposomal suspensions including tissue-targeted liposomes may also besuitable as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These may be preparedaccording to methods known for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No.4,522,811. In some embodiments, the compounds are formulated in SolutolHS15 in saline, for example, using 70% Solutol HS15 and 30% saline as avehicle for intravenous administration.

The active compounds may be prepared with carriers that protect thecompound against rapid elimination from the body, such as time-releaseformulations or coatings. Such carriers include controlled releaseformulations, such as, but not limited to, implants andmicroencapsulated delivery systems, and biodegradable, biocompatiblepolymers such as collagen, ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides,polyglycolic acid, polyorthoesters, polylactic acid, and the like.Methods for preparation of such formulations are known to those skilledin the art.

b. Administration and Dosing

Administering the polyphenol analog may be performed before, during orafter ischemia occurs or the condition where ischemia occurs. Forinstance, in various embodiments, the polyphenol analog can beadministered prior to a surgery (e.g., cardiovascular surgery) forbeneficial effects (e.g., neuroprotective and/or neurotrophic effects);administration of the polyphenol analog can be continued during surgery;and administration of the polyphenol analog can be continued aftersurgery. In other embodiments, the polyphenol analog can be administeredafter a subject suffers a vascular occlusion. In particular embodiments,the vascular occlusion is a stroke. In various embodiments, thepolyphenol analog can be administered 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90,105, and/or 120 minutes after the vascular occlusion. In variousembodiments, the polyphenol analog can be administered 2, 3, 4, 5 and/or6 hours after the vascular occlusion. In various embodiments, thepolyphenol analog can be administered up to 6 hours after the vascularocclusion. In various embodiments, the polyphenol analog may beadministered up to 12 hours after the vascular occlusion. In variousembodiments, the polyphenol analog may be administered up to 24 hoursafter the vascular occlusion.

In various embodiments, there may be an initial dose of the polyphenolanalog administered to the subject followed by one or more maintenancedoses of the polyphenol analog administered to the subject. In otherembodiments, the polyphenol analog can be continuously administered tothe subject.

In various embodiments, the polyphenol analogs can be administered by anappropriate route, for example, orally, parenterally (IV, IM, depo-IM,SQ, and depo-SQ), sublingually, intranasally (inhalation),intrathecally, topically, or rectally. Dosage forms known to thoseskilled in the art are suitable for delivery of polyphenol analogs.

The pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may bedelivered in a therapeutically effective amount. The precisetherapeutically effective amount is that amount of the composition thatwill yield the most effective results in terms of efficacy of treatmentin a given subject. This amount will vary depending upon a variety offactors, including but not limited to the characteristics of thetherapeutic compound (including activity, pharmacokinetics,pharmacodynamics, and bioavailability), the physiological condition ofthe subject (including age, sex, disease type and stage, generalphysical condition, responsiveness to a given dosage, and type ofmedication), the nature of the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier orcarriers in the formulation, and the route of administration. Oneskilled in the clinical and pharmacological arts will be able todetermine a therapeutically effective amount through routineexperimentation, for instance, by monitoring a subject's response toadministration of a compound and adjusting the dosage accordingly. Foradditional guidance, see, e.g., Remington: The Science and Practice ofPharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia (Editor), 21^(st)Edition, 2005, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; and Sinko, Martin'sPhysical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6^(th) Edition, 2010,Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Typical dosages of an effective polyphenol analog of the presentinvention can be in the as indicated to the skilled artisan by the invitro responses or responses in animal models. Such dosages typicallycan be reduced by up to about one order of magnitude in concentration oramount without losing the relevant biological activity. Thus, the actualdosage will depend upon the judgment of the physician, the condition ofthe patient, and the effectiveness of the therapeutic method based, forexample, on the in vitro responsiveness of the relevant primary culturedcells or histocultured tissue sample, such as biopsied ischemic tissue,or the responses observed in the appropriate animal models.

In various embodiments, the polyphenol analogs may be administeredenterally or parenterally. When administered orally, the polyphenolanalogs can be administered in usual dosage forms for oraladministration as is well known to those skilled in the art. Thesedosage forms include the usual solid unit dosage forms of tablets andcapsules as well as liquid dosage forms such as solutions, suspensions,and elixirs. When the solid dosage forms are used, it is preferred thatthey be of the sustained release type so that the polyphenol analogsneed to be administered only once or twice daily.

The oral dosage forms can be administered to the patient 1, 2, 3, or 4times daily. It is preferred that the polyphenol analogs be administeredeither three or fewer times, more preferably once or twice daily. Hence,it is preferred that the polyphenol analogs be administered in oraldosage form. It is preferred that whatever oral dosage form is used,that it be designed so as to protect the polyphenol analogs from theacidic environment of the stomach. Enteric coated tablets are well knownto those skilled in the art. In addition, capsules filled with smallspheres each coated to protect from the acidic stomach, are also wellknown to those skilled in the art.

When administered orally, an administered amount therapeuticallyeffective to inhibit symptoms of ischemia and/or prevent an ischemicevent is from about 10 mg/day to about 1000 mg/day, for example, fromabout 20 mg/day to about 500 mg/day, for example, from about 50 mg/dayto about 200 mg/day. In some embodiments, the subject is administeredpolyphenol analogs compound(s) at a dose of about 5.0 to about 200mg/kg, for example, about 10.0 to about 100 mg/kg, for example, about 10mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 125 mg/kg, 150mg/kg, 175 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg. It is understood that while a patient maybe started at one dose, that dose may be varied (increased or decreased,as appropriate) over time as the patient's condition changes. Dependingon outcome evaluations, higher doses may be used. For example, incertain embodiments, up to as much as 1000 mg/day can be administered,e.g., 200 mg/day, 300 mg/day, 400 mg/day, 500 mg/day, 600 mg/day, 700mg/day, 800 mg/day, 900 mg/day or 1000 mg/day.

The polyphenol analogs may also be advantageously delivered in a nanocrystal dispersion formulation. Preparation of such formulations isdescribed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,145,684. Nano crystallinedispersions of HIV protease inhibitors and their method of use aredescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,045,829. The nano crystalline formulationstypically afford greater bioavailability of drug compounds.

In various embodiments, the polyphenol analogs can be administeredparenterally, for example, by IV, IM, depo-IM, SC, or depo-SC. Whenadministered parenterally, a therapeutically effective amount of about5.0 to about 500 mg/day, preferably from about 10 to about 200 mg dailycan be delivered. When a depot formulation is used for injection once amonth or once every two weeks, the dose should be about 5.0 mg/day toabout 500 mg/day, or a monthly dose of from about 10 mg to about 200 mg.In various embodiments, the parenteral dosage form can be a depoformulation.

In various embodiments, the polyphenol analogs can be administeredsublingually. When given sublingually, the polyphenol analogs analog canbe given one to four times daily in the amounts described above forparenteral administration.

In various embodiments, the polyphenol analogs can be administeredintranasally. When given by this route, the appropriate dosage forms area nasal spray or dry powder, as is known to those skilled in the art.The dosage of the polyphenol analogs for intranasal administration isthe amount described above for parenteral administration.

In various embodiments, the polyphenol analogs can be administeredintrathecally. When given by this route the appropriate dosage form canbe a parenteral dosage form as is known to those skilled in the art. Thedosage of the polyphenol analogs for intrathecal administration is theamount described above for parenteral administration.

In certain embodiments, the polyphenol analogs can be administeredtopically. When given by this route, the appropriate dosage form is acream, ointment, or patch. When administered topically, the dosage isfrom about 5.0 mg/day to about 500 mg/day. Because the amount that canbe delivered by a patch is limited, two or more patches may be used. Thenumber and size of the patch is not important, what is important is thata therapeutically effective amount of the polyphenol analogs bedelivered as is known to those skilled in the art. The polyphenolanalogs can be administered rectally by suppository as is known to thoseskilled in the art. When administered by suppository, thetherapeutically effective amount is from about 5.0 mg to about 500 mg.

In various embodiments, the polyphenol analogs can be administered byimplants as is known to those skilled in the art. When administeringpolyphenol analogs by implant, the therapeutically effective amount isthe amount described above for depot administration.

It should be apparent to one skilled in the art that the exact dosageand frequency of administration will depend on the particular conditionbeing treated, the severity of the condition being treated, the age,weight, general physical condition of the particular patient, and othermedication the individual may be taking as is well known toadministering physicians who are skilled in this art.

7. Combination Therapies

The polyphenol analogs described herein can be used in combination withcurrently employed therapeutic regimes for preventing, treating andameliorating ischemia. In various embodiments, the polyphenol analogscan be co-administered with a regime of tissue plasminogen activator(tPA). Since optimal doses of rtPA do not eliminate brain damage,co-administration of one or more of the polyphenol analogs describedherein can be beneficial to the subject, particularly to increase thetreatment window for tPA (which is so short that many subjects do notbenefit from its administration). Co-administration of one or more ofthe polyphenol analogs with tPA is of particular use to patientsreceiving care within 6 hours, e.g., within 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 hours, of anischemic event. The tPA may be purified or recombinant. Numerousrecombinant versions of tPA are available for co-administration,including without limitation, alteplase, reteplase, tenecteplase(TNKase), and desmoteplase. In some embodiments, one or more of thepolyphenol analogs are co-administered with a subtherapeutic dose oftPA.

In patients who have experienced or are at risk of experiencingcardioembolic stroke, the polyphenol analogs can be co-administered witha regime of an anticoagulant. Exemplary anticoagulants include aspirin,heparin, warfarin, and dabigatran.

In patients who have experienced or are at risk of experiencing carotidstenosis, the polyphenol analogs can be co-administered with a regime ofan anti-platelet drug. The most frequently used anti-platelet medicationis aspirin. An alternative to aspirin is the anti-platelet drugclopidogrel (Plavix). Some studies indicate that aspirin is mosteffective in combination with another anti-platelet drug. In someembodiments, the patient is prescribed a combination of low-dose aspirinand the anti-platelet drug dipyridamole (Aggrenox), to reduce bloodclotting. Ticlopidine (Ticlid) is another anti-platelet medication thatfinds use. Patients having a moderately or severely narrowed neck(carotid) artery, may require or benefit from carotid endarterectomy.This preventive surgery clears carotid arteries of fatty deposits(atherosclerotic plaques) to prevent a first or subsequent strokes. Insome embodiments, the patient may require or benefit from carotidangioplasty, or stenting. Carotid angioplasty involves using aballoon-like device to open a clogged artery and placing a small wiretube (stent) into the artery to keep it open.

In patients who have experienced or are at risk of experiencing atrialfibrillation, the polyphenol analogs can be co-administered with aregime of an anti-coagulant (to prevent stroke) and/or a pharmacologicalagent to achieve rate control. Exemplary anticoagulants include aspirin,heparin, warfarin, and dabigatran. Exemplary rate control drugs includebeta blockers (e.g., metoprolol, atenolol, bisoprolol),non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (e.g., diltiazem orverapamil), and cardiac glycosides (e.g., digoxin).

As appropriate, the polyphenol analogs also can be administered topatients receiving transcranial laser therapy or ultrasound.

8. Kits

The present invention is also directed to a kit to treat ischemia. Thekits are useful for practicing the inventive method of treating,preventing and/or mitigating ischemia and providing neuroprotectiveeffects. The kit is an assemblage of materials or components, includingat least one of the polyphenol analogs described herein. Thus, in someembodiments the kit contains a composition including one or morepolyphenol analogs of the present invention.

The exact nature of the components configured in the inventive kitdepends on its intended purpose. For example, some embodiments areconfigured for the purpose of treating stroke patients or cardiovascularpatients. In one embodiment, the kit is configured particularly for thepurpose of treating mammalian subjects. In another embodiment, the kitis configured particularly for the purpose of treating human subjects.In further embodiments, the kit is configured for veterinaryapplications, treating subjects such as, but not limited to, farmanimals, domestic animals, and laboratory animals.

Instructions for use may be included in the kit. “Instructions for use”typically include a tangible expression describing the technique to beemployed in using the components of the kit to effect a desired outcome,such as to treat ischemia. Optionally, the kit also contains otheruseful components, such as, diluents, buffers, pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers, syringes, catheters, applicators, pipetting ormeasuring tools, bandaging materials or other useful paraphernalia aswill be readily recognized by those of skill in the art.

The materials or components assembled in the kit can be provided to thepractitioner stored in any convenient and suitable ways that preservetheir operability and utility. For example the components can be indissolved, dehydrated, or lyophilized form; they can be provided atroom, refrigerated or frozen temperatures. The components are typicallycontained in suitable packaging material(s). As employed herein, thephrase “packaging material” refers to one or more physical structuresused to house the contents of the kit, such as inventive compositionsand the like. The packaging material is constructed by well-knownmethods, preferably to provide a sterile, contaminant-free environment.As used herein, the term “package” refers to a suitable solid matrix ormaterial such as glass, plastic, paper, foil, and the like, capable ofholding the individual kit components. Thus, for example, a package canbe a glass vial used to contain suitable quantities of an inventivecomposition containing a polyphenol analog. The packaging materialgenerally has an external label which indicates the contents and/orpurpose of the kit and/or its components.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are offered to illustrate, but not to limit theclaimed invention.

Example 1 Chlorogenic Acid Improves Neurological Performance FollowingEmbolic Strokes in Rabbits

Either vehicle or bolus injections of chlorogenic acid were administeredintravenously over 1 minute starting 5 minutes following embolizationusing a suspension of small-sized blood clots. In this series ofstudies, CGA was administered at 50 mg/kg [65]. Behavioral analysis wasconducted at 24 hours following treatment, which allowed for theconstruction of quantal dose-response analysis curves. FIG. 1 shows agraphical representation of the raw data that is superimposed on thetheoretical quantal analysis curves. For the superimposed graphs, normalanimals are plotted on the y-axis at 0% and abnormal animals are plottedat 100%. The figure shows that there is positive correlation between thedata (circles or triangles) and the statistically fitted quantal curve.Moreover, CGA increased the P₅₀ value (the clot dose that producesabnormality in 50% of a treatment group) compared to vehicle control.For a detailed discussion of the methods used to fit the quantal data toa sigmoidal curve, see Zivin and Waud [91]. The pharmacology ofchlorogenic acid in the rabbit small clot embolic stroke model (RSCEM)has been published (Lapchak, Exp Neurol. 2007 205(2):407-13). In themanuscript, it is shown that CGA has a therapeutic window of 60 minutesin the RSCEM. FIG. 2 presents the therapeutic window data.

Example 2 Fisetin is Neuroprotective In Vitro and In Vivo

For these studies, cultured HT22 mouse hippocampal cells were used as anin vitro stroke assay [80]. HT22 cells were treated with iodoacetic acid(IAA), an irreversible inhibitor of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphatedehydrogenase (G3PDH) for 2 hr alone or in the presence of varyingconcentrations of Fisetin. G3PDH is an enzyme of the glycolysis pathway,which catalyzes the synthesis of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, a “highenergy” intermediate used for the synthesis of ATP. Cell survival wasmeasured using a standard colorimetric MTT(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay forcell survival MTT is a pale yellow substrate that is cleaved by livingcells to yield a dark blue formazan product. This process requiresactive mitochondria, and even freshly dead cells do not cleavesignificant amounts of MTT. The graph (FIG. 3) shows that there is adose-dependent effect of Fisetin on the survival of HT22 cells.

Using the RSCEM assay described above for CGA, the effects of Fisetin(50 mg/kg) on behavioral outcome measured 24 hours followingembolization is tested.

FIG. 4 shows that Fisetin administration also increased behavioralfunction when the drug was given 5 minutes following embolization. Theextent of the increase in P₅₀ produced by Fisetin is lower than that forCGA (see above), nevertheless, the increase is statistically significantfrom the vehicle control curve shown in the graph. The differencesbetween these initial findings may simply be caused by dosingdifferences and may not reflect true differences in optimalneuroprotection capability.

The pharmacology of Fisetin and other flavonoids using NT22 cells and inthe RSCEM has been published (Maher, et al., Brain Res. 2007,1173:117-25). In the manuscript, it is shown that Fisetin and Baicaleinare effective neuroprotective agents in the HT22 cell assay and thatFisetin improves behavior following embolic strokes using the RSCEM.

Example 3 Neuroprotective Effects of the 12-LOX Inhibitor Baicalein InVitro

In FIG. 5, panels A-D show that Baicalein is able to inhibit nerve celldeath in four additional neurotoxicity paradigms. These include trophicfactor withdrawal (TFW), excitotoxicity, glucose starvation, and mostimportantly, in a chemical ischemia model.

Baicalein dramatically promotes the survival of freshly plated,low-density cultured rat cortical neurons in serum-containing medium, anassay for trophic factor withdrawal [92](FIG. 5A). Using a publishedexcitotoxicity assay [53], Baicalein rescues about 35% of the cells(FIG. 5B).

Baicalein is also neuroprotective in glucose starvation assays [93], andthese results using PC12 cells were duplicated. When these cells arestarved for glucose, there is approximately 70% maximal survival in thepresence of NGF. Baicalein promotes over 80% survival (FIG. 5C).Finally, Baicalein prevents cell death in a chemical ischemia modelusing the irreversible inhibitor of G3PDH, IAA as described above forFisetin, even when added 2 hrs after the ischemic insult (FIG. 5D).

FIG. 6 shows that Baicalein is also effective at promoting cell survivalof HT22 hippocampal cells in vitro. The effective doses forBaicalein-induced cell survival are lower than those required forFisetin-induced cell survival using the same culture model. FIG. 7 showsthat Baicalein significantly (p<0.05) improved stroke-induced behavioraldeficits and increased the P50 value when administered 60 minutesfollowing embolization The Baicalein-induced improvement in behavior isdirectly correlated with an increase in the number of animals which arebehaviorally “normal” as shown on the y-axis plotted at 0. Thepharmacology of Baicalein in the RSCEM has been published (Lapchak, etal., Neuroscience. 2007, 150(3):585-91). In the manuscript, it is shownshow that the compound has a minimum therapeutic window of 60 minutes inthe RSCEM.

Results show that the lead compounds are neuroprotective in HT22 cellsin vitro stroke model, the primary in vitro screen for this program orin vivo using the RSCEM, the primary in vivo drug development screen.Fisetin and Baicalein promotes cell survival in vitro using hippocampalcells. Baicalein is also effective at increasing cell survival using 4different in vitro paradigms, including excitotoxicity. CGA, Fisetin andBaicalein are also effective at reducing stroke-induced behavioraldeficits or improving behavior in the rabbit small clot embolic strokemodel (Lapchak, Exp Neurol. 2007 205(2):407-13 and Maher, et al., BrainRes. 2007, 1173:117-25). Both CGA and Baicalein are effective atimproving behavior when administered 1 hour following embolization, butneither improve behavior when administered 3 hours followingembolization.

Overall, the results show that the three compound classes havesignificant efficacy in vitro and in vivo. The three parent compoundsdescribed above were used to form the basis for chemical optimizationusing a focused diversity library approach that covers varioussubstitution positions on the parent backbone (scaffold) of CGA, Fisetinand Baicalein.

Example 4 Diversity Oriented Synthesis of Libraries

The following example outlines a chemical synthesis program tosynthesize small libraries of 30-40 compounds based upon Fisetin,Baicalein and CGA. Resulting novel compounds were screened using the invitro stroke HT22 cell assay so that high efficacy compounds can beidentified. For a compound to be considered for advancement to the invivo RSCEM screening process, it should have an EC₅₀ value in the rangeof 10-100 nM. The compounds with the lowest EC₅₀ values are advanced tothe RSCEM for study.

Example 5 Illustrative Synthetic Scheme of Flavones

To synthesize flavones, a tandem ‘catch and release’ protocol viasolid-phase synthesis that utilizes simple building blocks (FIG. 8) wasemployed. These building blocks include 2-hydroxyacetone phenones,phenols (for conversion to corresponding acetophenones), andbenzaldehydes.

A chemical biology approach was used to develop a small and focuseddiversity oriented synthetic library around the requisite 5, 6 and7-hydroxyl groups of Baicalein and the 3, 3′ and 4′-hydroxyl groups ofFisetin. These groups impart activity to both compounds as determined bystructure-activity relationships in multiple assays [see, for example,[101] and Maher, Free Radical Research, (2006) 40(10):1105-1111). Thelibraries were made according to the principles of Diversity OrientedSynthesis (DOS,) and seek to improve upon the pharmacological propertiesof the flavones with a goal of an EC₅₀ between 10-100 nM in vitro [102].The synthetic protocol shown in FIG. 8 incorporates these buildingblocks into two sub-libraries that represent the products derived fromacetophenones and benzaldehydes. This leaves the C-3 position to becombinatorialized so that the 5, 6 and 7-trihydroxyl groups of Baicaleinand 3, 3′ and 4′-hydroxyl groups of Fisetin are maintained.

This synthetic scheme draws from several known flavonoid synthesismethodologies [83, 103], and incorporating advantages from each.Beginning with a 2-hydroxy-acetophenone, this building block wascaptured on a solid-support (a polystyrene-based resin) using a linker,e.g, a silylether linkage (right arrow) or hydrazone linkage (leftarrow).

Both of these resin-capture methods are well characterized for paralleland combinatorial libraries [104], although other linkers known to oneof ordinary skill in the art would suffice. The silylether pathway hassignificant advantages during the preparation of some derivatives, butthe hydrazone pathway is a preferred method for the synthesis of thederivatives that maintain the flavone hydroxyl groups of the naturalproducts. Hydrazone formation is selective for the acetophenone moiety,because this is the only carbonyl with which the hydrazine-resin canform a Schiff base [105]. The silylether protocol as depicted isdesigned to selectively silylate the 2-hydroxy position. SubsequentClaisen-Schmidt condensation (under basic conditions) yields theresin-bound chalcones [106]. Mild acidic release of the supportedchalcones is followed by selenium-mediated cyclative recapture withselenium bromide resin [83].

By employing this tandem capture-react-release-recapture process,enrichment and purity of the final products without the need forpost-synthesis purification is achieved. Final release was afforded viatreatment with hydrogen peroxide for the C-3=H derivatives, and furtheroxidation of these products generates the C-3=OH derivative in parallel[107]. These syntheses were carried out on a 0.05 mmol scale, yielding10-15 mg of each compound.

The small diversity libraries based upon the Fisetin and Baicaleinscaffolds employed building blocks with additional functional groups toimprove biological activity in our assays. Substitutions such as F, Cl,OMe, OAc, NHMe, NHAc, CN, CF₃, and OH were explored, in thenonhydroxylated positions of Fisetin and Baicalein. Since F canparticipate in hydrogen bonding [108] some F for OH substitutions in the5, 6 or 7 hydroxyls of Baicalein and 3, 7, 3′, or 4′-hydroxyls ofFisetin were also included. Various constraints, filters and diversitymetrics can be used to select the library as outlined in [109] to reducethe number of derivatives to between 30 and 40 each for Baicalein andFisetin.

Example 6 Illustrative Synthetic Scheme of CGA Derivatives

The efficient synthesis of CGA (FIG. 9) (Structure I) (65% yield) fromcaffeic (Structure II) and quinic (Structure III) acids has beendescribed [110]. This synthetic scheme allows for the synthesis of awide variety of CGA derivatives based upon the commercial availabilityof substituted cinnamic acid (IV, V) and cyclohexene carboxylic acids(VI, VII).

Initially, substituents on the caffeic acid half of chlorogenic acidwere varied. 2 or 3-monohydroxy cinnamic, 2, 3 or 4-methyl cinnamic, 2,3 or 4-nitro cinnamic, 2,3-chloro or 2,3,4-fluoro, or 4-amino cinnamicacids (V) were used as the starting materials. These were reacted withthe protected form of quinic acid as described by Sefkow [110] togenerate a first class of chlorogenic acid derivatives. To synthesizethe chlorogenic acid derivatives based upon the quinic acid portion ofthe molecule, and to maintain the carboxylic acid group, a variety ofcommercially available substituted cyclohexene carboxylic acids (VI,VII), were bis-hydroxylated at the olefinic bonds to generate thedihydroxy cyclohexane carboxylic acid (VIII, IX). Dihydroxy cyclohexanesVIII and IX were used as starting materials. Published hydroxy groupprotection procedures [110] were used to synthesize the quinic acidsubstituted derivatives. The number of compounds can be substantiallyincreased by using combinations of the quinic and cinnamic acidderivatives synthesized as described above, and by using substitutedhexanols in place of the cyclohexene carboxylic acids.

Initial studies consisted of the in vitro screening of compounds fromeach of the libraries synthesized using the schemes described above.Derivatives from each library were selected on the basis of potencyusing the in vitro stroke model described below. The most effectivecompounds, demonstrating neuroprotective activity along with acceptableEC₅₀ values were advanced to in vivo optimization.

Example 7 Illustrative Synthetic Schemes

Chemistry: General Methods.

All reagents and anhydrous solvents were obtained from commercialsources and used as received. ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR were recorded at 500and 125 MHz, respectively, on a Varian, VNMRS-500 spectrometer, usingthe indicated solvent. Chemical shift (δ) is given in parts per million(ppm) relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) as an internal standard.Coupling constants (J) are expressed in hertz (Hz), and conventionalabbreviations used for signal shape are: s=singlet; d=doublet;t=triplet; m=multiplet; dd, doublet of doublets; brs=broad singlet. Massspectrometry (LC/MS) was carried out using Shimadzu LC-20AD spectrometerand electro spray ionization (ESI) mass analysis by Thermo ScientificLTQ Orbitrap-XL spectrometer. All tested compounds had a purity of atleast 95%. Thinlayer chromatography (TLC) used EMD silica gel F-254plates (thickness 0.25 mm). Flash chromatography used EMD silica gel 60,230-400 mesh.

The synthesis of substituted chalcones CMS-013, 032, 033, 057, 063, 085,086, 086A, 105-108 and 137 was carried out by condensation of 2′-hydroxyacetophenones with appropriately substituted aldehydes using Ba(OH)₂ inmethanol (Sogawa, et al., J. Med. Chem. (1993) 36 (24), 3904-3909)(Scheme 1). The tri-hydroxy chalcones CMS-011, 034 and 087 were preparedfrom the corresponding chalcones by treatment with BBr₃ indichloromethane (Chu, et al., Tetrahedron. (2004) 60 (11), 2647-2655)and the di-hydroxy chalcone CMS-088 was synthesized by tetrahydropyran(THP) deprotection using para-toluene sulfonic acid (pTSA) in methanol⁷from the corresponding chalcone. The substituted flavones CMS-018, 038,058, 068, 089, 115, 116, 119 and 120 were synthesized from thecorresponding chalcones using I₂ in DMSO (Cabrera, et al., Bioorganic &Medicinal Chemistry. (2007) 15 (10), 3356-3367) (Scheme 2). The hydroxyflavones CMS-02P (a.k.a, PM-002), 028, 064, 072 and 094 were obtainedfrom the corresponding chalcones by de-methylation/de-ethylation orde-benzylation using BBr₃ in dichloromethane (Chu, et al., Tetrahedron.(2004), supra) or H₂, Pd/C in EtOAc/methanol (Horie, et al., J. Med.Chem. (1986) 29 (11), 2256-2262), respectively.

Substituted flavonols CMS-025, 036, 037, 059, 065, 090, 091, 114, 117,118, 122 and 139 were prepared (Scheme 3) using 5.4% NaOH, 30% H₂O₂ inmethanol (Qin, et al., J. Med. Chem. (2008) 51 (6), 1874-1884) from thecorresponding aldehydes. The known compounds Fisetin, CMS-02P (a.k.a,PM-002) and CMS-04P (a.k.a, PM-004) were purchased from IndofineChemicals and the other hydroxy flavonols CMS-027, 040, 041, 069, 070,092, 093 and 140 were obtained from their corresponding flavonols(Scheme 3) by de-methylation/de-ethylation (BBr₃ in dichloromethane)(Chu, et al., Tetrahedron. (2004), supra) or de-benzylation (H₂, Pd/C inEtOAc/methanol) (Horie, et al., J. Med. Chem. (1986) supra) methods. Thesubstituted quinolines CMS-001, 004, 007, 017, 021-024, 083, 084,109-113 and 121 were synthesized (Scheme 4) by condensation of 2′-aminoacetophenones with appropriately substituted aldehydes using H₂SO₄ inmethanol (Wang, et al., Tetrahedron Letters. (2009) 50 (19), 2261-2265).

General Procedure A for the Synthesis of Chalcone Derivatives CMS-013,032, 033, 057, 063, 085, 086, 105-108 and 137.

A mixture of 2′-hydroxy acetophenone (1 eq), aryl aldehyde (1 eq) andBa(OH)₂ (1 eq) in MeOH (3 mL/mmol) was stirred for 12 h at 40° C.Methanol was evaporated and the residue was diluted with water,neutralized with 1N HCl and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organiclayer was washed with brine solution, dried (Na₂SO₄) and evaporated.Solid residues were recrystallized from CH₂Cl₂/Hexane, liquid residueswere purified by flash chromatography using silica gel (230-400 mesh)with 10-30% EtOAc/Hexane gave chalcones with 30-90% yield.

General Procedure B (Methyl/Ethyl Deprotection) for the Synthesis ofCompounds CMS-02P (a.k.a, PM-002), 011, 027, 028, 034, 041, 087, 093,094 and 140.

To a stirred and cooled 0° C. solution of suitably protected startingmaterial (1 eq) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL/mmol) was added BBr₃ (2 eq/alkoxy group)and the mixture was stirred for overnight at room temperature undernitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was quenched by adding 5%Na₂HPO₄ solution, extracted with CH₂Cl₂, combined organic extracts werewashed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and evaporated. The resulting solidswere recrystallized from methanol.

Method C for the Synthesis of Chalcone CMS-088.

To a stirred solution of chalcone CMS-086A (74.7 mg, 0.203 mmol) in MeOH(2 ml) was added p-toluenesulfonic acid (77.3 mg, 0.407 mmol). Thereaction mixture was stirred for 3 h at room temperature, aftercompleting the reaction solvent was evaporated, the residue was dilutedwith water (20 mL), then neutralized with saturated NaHCO₃, andextracted with EtOAc. Combined extracts were washed with brine, dried(Na₂SO₄), and evaporated. The residue was purified by flashchromatography using silica gel (230-400 mesh) with 20% EtOAc/Hexanegave CMS-088 94% yield, as a yellow solid.

General Procedure D (debenzylation) for the Synthesis of CompoundsCMS-64, 069, 070, 072 and 092.

The benzyl protected flavones and flavonols were dissolved in 1:1EtOAc/Ethanol (10 mL/mmol) then treated with 5% palladium on charcoal(5% w/w) and the mixture was stirred under hydrogen atmosphere (balloonpressure) for overnight. The reaction mixture was filtered and thesolvent was evaporated, the resulting solids were recrystallized fromdichloromethane/methanol.

General Procedure E for the Synthesis of Flavone Derivatives CMS-018,038, 058, 068, 089, 115, 116, 119 and 120.

A solution of chalcone (1 eq) and iodine (0.01 eq) in DMSO (1 mL/mmol)was heated at 130° C. for 3-6 h. Reaction mixture was cooled and dilutedwith water, extracted with CH₂Cl₂, washed with aqueous saturatedNa₂S20₃, dried (Na₂SO₄) and evaporated. Solid residues wererecrystallized from CH₂Cl₂/Hexane liquid residues were purified by flashchromatography using silica gel (230-400 mesh) with 30-80% EtOAc/hexanegave flavones with 50-95% yield.

General Procedure F for the Synthesis Flavonol Derivatives CMS-025, 036,037, 059, 065, 090, 091, 114, 117, 118, 122 and 139.

To a stirred and cooled 0° C. solution of chalcone in MeOH (5 mL/mmol)was added 5.4% NaOH (3.2 mL/mmol) followed by 30% H₂O₂ (0.37 mL/mmol)drop wise, and the mixture was stirred for 3 h at 0° C., then the icebath was left in place but not recharged, and stirring was continuedovernight. The reaction mixture was acidified with 2M HCl, and theresulting precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with waterand recrystallized from dichloromethane gave flavonols with 40-90%yield.

General Procedure G for the Synthesis of Quinoline Derivatives CMS-001,004, 007, 017, 021-024, 083, 084, 109-113 and 121.

To a stirred solution of 2′-amino acetophenone (1 eq) and aromaticaldehyde (1 to 3 eq) in alcohol (3 mL/mmol) was added H₂SO₄ (0.75 eq)and the mixture was refluxed for 12-24 h. The reaction mixture wascooled, the solvent evaporated and the residue was diluted with water.The aqueous solution was neutralized with 5% aqueous NaHCO₃ solution andextracted with ethyl acetate. The organic combines were washed withbrine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and evaporated. Flash chromatography of theresulting residue over silica gel using 10-50% EtOAc/hexane gave4-alkoxy 2-aryl quinolines with 15-50% yield.

Analytical Data for Selective Compounds (CMS-011, CMS-121, and CMS-140):(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one(CMS-011)

Following general procedure B, obtained CMS-011 from chalcone CMS-013 asan orange solid (95% yield); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ ppm 2.23 (s,3H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 6.78 (s, 1H) 6.82 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (dd, J=8.5,2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (q, J=15.5 Hz, 2H), 8.02 (s,1H), 9.11 (br s, OH), 9.81 (br s, OH), 12.79 (s, OH); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆,125 MHz) δ ppm 18.72, 20.46, 116.18, 116.36, 117.94, 118.45, 118.69,123.19, 126.65, 127.59, 130.91, 146.04, 146.12, 146.92, 149.59, 161.23,193.36; LCMS: m/z calcd for C₁₇H₁₆O₄ ([M]⁺) 284. found 285 ([M+H]⁺).

4-(4-(cyclopentyloxy)quinolin-2-yl)benzene-1,2-diol (CMS-121)

Following general procedure G, obtained CMS-121 as a yellow solid (16%yield); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ ppm 1.66 (m, 2H), 1.79 (m, 2H), 1.89(m, 2H), 2.07 (m, 2H), 5.30 (m, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (s,1H), 7.44 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (dd, J=8.5, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (t,J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (d,J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 9.21 (brs, OH); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆, 125 MHz) δ ppm 24.19,32.71, 80.12, 99.28, 115.02, 115.99, 119.41, 120.60, 121.97, 125.21,128.93, 130.30, 131.11, 145.88, 147.71, 149.11, 157.92, 160.73; MS(ESI): m/z calcd for C₂₀H₁₉NO₃ ([M+H]⁺) 322.1437. found 322.1412([M+H]⁺).

3-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one(CMS-140)

Following general procedure B, obtained CMS-140 from compound CMS-139 asan orange-red solid (50% yield); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ ppm 1.88(s, 4H), 3.45 (s, 4H), 6.74 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (m, 5H), 8.04 (d,J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 8.68 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 9.37 (s,1H); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆, 125 MHz) δ ppm 25.16, 50.19, 114.38, 114.69,117.94, 120.61, 120.74, 120.99, 122.54, 124.10, 124.87, 128.06, 128.87,129.77, 135.37, 139.19, 140.29, 146.34, 146.44, 151.65, 172.19; MS(ESI): m/z calcd for C₂₃H₁₉NO₄ ([M+H]⁺) 374.1386. found 374.1402([M+H]⁺).

Example 8 Structure-Activity Relationship and Neuroprotective ActivityAnalysis of Fisetin Derivatives Methods

Biology: Cell Culture.

Fetal calf serum (FCS) and dialyzed FCS (DFCS) were from Hyclone (Logan,Utah). Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) was purchased fromInvitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.). HT22 cells (Maher, et al., BrainResearch. (2007) 1173, 117-125) were grown in DMEM supplemented with 10%FCS and antibiotics. PC12 cells were grown in DMEM supplemented with 10%FCS, 5% horse serum and antibiotics. N9 microglial cells were grown inDMEM supplemented with 10% FCS, 1× non-essential amino acids, 1×essential amino acids and antibiotics.

Cytotoxicity Assay.

Cell viability was determined by a modified version of3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT)assay based on the standard procedure (Maher, et al., Brain Research.(2007), supra). Cells were seeded onto 96-well microtiter plates at adensity of 5×10³ cells per well. For the in vitro ischemia assay, thenext day, the medium was replaced with DMEM supplemented with 7.5% DFCSand the cells were treated with 20 μM iodoacetic acid (IAA) alone or inthe presence of the different derivatives. After 2 hr the medium in eachwell was aspirated and replaced with fresh medium without IAA butcontaining the derivatives. 20 hr later, the medium in each well wasaspirated and replaced with fresh medium containing 2.5 μg/ml MTT. After4 hr of incubation at 37° C., the cells were solubilized with 100 μl ofa solution containing 50% dimethylformamide and 20% SDS (pH 4.7). Theabsorbance at 570 nm was measured on the following day with a microplatereader (Molecular Devices). Results were confirmed by visual inspectionof the wells. Controls included compound alone to test for toxicity andcompound with no cells to test for interference with the assaychemistry.

Differentiation Assay.

PC12 cells in N₂ medium were treated with the derivatives (1-10 μM) orFisetin (10 μM) as a positive control for 24 hr at which time the cellswere scored for the presence of neurites. PC12 cells produce neuritesmuch more rapidly when treated in N₂ medium than when treated in regulargrowth medium. For each treatment, 100 cells in each of three separatefields were counted. Cells were scored positive if one or moreneurites >1 cell body diameter in length were observed.

Anti-Inflammatory Assay.

Mouse N9 microglial cells plated in DME with 7.5% DFCS were treated with10 μg/ml bacterial lipopolysaccharide (Sigma) alone or in the presenceof the Fisetin derivatives (1-10 μM) or Fisetin (10 μM) as a positivecontrol. After 24 hr the medium was removed, spun briefly to removefloating cells and 100 μl assayed for NO using 100 μl of the GriessReagent (Sigma) in a 96 well plate. After incubation for 10 min at roomtemperature the absorbance at 550 nm was read on a microplate reader.

Total Glutathione.

Total intracellular glutathione was determined by a chemical assay asdescribed (Maher, P. et al., Free Radical Research. (2006) 40 (10),1105-1111).

SDS-PAGE and Immunoblotting.

For immunoblotting of Nrf2, nuclear extracts were prepared as described(Schreiber, et al., Nucleic Acids Res. (1989) 17 (15), 6419) fromuntreated cells and cells treated with the Fisetin derivatives for 1, 2and 4 hr. Fisetin was used as a positive control. For each derivative,the concentration which was most effective at preventing cell death wasused. Protein concentrations were determined using the BCA protein assay(Pierce). Equal amounts of protein were solubilized in 2.5×SDS-samplebuffer, separated on 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gels and transferred tonitrocellulose. Equal loading and transfer of the samples was confirmedby staining the nitrocellulose with Ponceau-S. Transfers were blockedfor 1 hr at room temperature with 5% nonfat milk in TBS/0.1% Tween 20and then incubated overnight at 4° C. in the primary antibody diluted in5% BSA in TBS/0.05% Tween 20. The primary antibodies used were:anti-Nrf2 (#SC13032; 1/1000) from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz,Calif.) and anti-β-actin (#5125; 1/20,000) from Cell Signaling (Beverly,Mass.). The transfers were rinsed with TBS/0.05% Tween 20 and incubatedfor 1 hr at room temperature in horseradish peroxidase-goat anti-rabbitor goat anti-mouse (Biorad, Hercules, Calif.) diluted 1/5000 in 5%nonfat milk in TBS/0.1% Tween 20. The immunoblots were developed withthe Super Signal reagent (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.).

Determination of the Trolox Equivalent Activity Concentration (TEAC).

TEAC values for the flavonoids were determined as described (Maher, P.et al., Free Radical Research. (2006), supra). Briefly, 250 μl of2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline 6-sulfonate) (ABTS) treatedovernight with potassium persulfate and diluted to an OD of ˜0.7 at 734nm was added to 2.5 μl of a derivative solution in ethanol. The changein absorbance due to the reduction of the ABTS radical cation wasmeasured at 734 nm for 4 min. To calculate the TEAC, the gradient of theplot of the percentage inhibition of absorbance vs. concentration forthe derivative in question was divided by the gradient of the plot forTrolox.

Results

Various embodiments described herein are based, in part, on thediscovery of Fisetin analogs that display improved potency over Fisetinbased upon the activation of multiple neuroprotective pathways whilealso maintaining or improving desirable physicochemical properties incomparison to successful CNS drugs (molecular weight≦400, tPSA≦5,tPSA≦90, HBD≦3, HBA≦7) (Hitchcock, et al., J. Med. Chem. (2006) 49 (26),7559-7583; and Pajouhesh, et al., NeuroRx. (2005) 2, 541-553), toincrease brain penetration, and to better understand its SAR. Twoapproaches to the improvement of Fisetin were explored. In the first,removal/modification/replacement of the different hydroxyl groups in asystematic manner was explored. In the second approach, modification ofthe flavone scaffold by changing it to a quinoline while at the sametime maintaining key structural elements was explored.

For a primary screen, an in vitro ischemia model in combination with theHT22 nerve cell line (Maher, et al., Brain Research. (2007) 1173,117-125) was chosen. For this screen, a cut-off for the EC₅₀ of 1 μM waschosen. To induce ischemia in the HT22 cells we used iodoacetic acid(IAA), a well-known, irreversible inhibitor of the glycolytic enzymeglyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) (Winkler, et al., Exp.Eye Res. (2003) 76, 715-723). IAA has been used in a number of otherstudies to induce ischemia in nerve cells (Reshef, et al., Neurosci.Lett. (1997) 238, 37-40; Sperling, et al., Neursci. Lett. (2003) 351,137-140; Rego, et al., Neurochem. Res. (1999) 24, 351-358; Sigalov, etal., J. Mol. Neurosci. (2000) 15, 147-154; and Reiner, et al., Neurosci.Lett. (1990) 119, 175-178), including several recent screens forneuroprotective molecules (Biraboneye, et al., J. Med. Chem. (2009) 52(14), 4358-4369; Biraboneye, et al., Chem. Med. Chem. (2010) 5 (1),79-85). The changes following IAA treatment of neural cells are verysimilar to those seen in animal models of ischemic stroke (Lipton, etal., Physiol. Rev. (1999) 79, 1431-1568) and include alterations inmembrane potential (Reiner, et al., Neurosci. Lett. (1990) 119,175-178), breakdown of phospholipids (Taylor, et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp.Ther. (1996) 276, 1224-1231), loss of ATP (Winkler, et al., Exp. EyeRes. (2003) 76, 715-723; Sperling, et al., Neursci. Lett. (2003) 351,137-140) and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Taylor, etal., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1996), supra; and Sperling, et al.,Neursci. Lett. (2003) 351, 137-140).

Three secondary screens allowed assessment of three key activities ofFisetin that are highly relevant to stroke, as well as otherneurological disorders: maintenance of glutathione (GSH), the majorendogenous cellular antioxidant, inhibition of LPS-induced microglialactivation, an indicator of anti-inflammatory activity and PC12 celldifferentiation, a measure of neurotrophic activity. All of theseactivities are relevant to the nerve cell loss seen in stroke(Gelderblom, et al., Stroke. 2009, 40 (5), 1849-1857; Pandya, et al.,Cent. Nerv. Syst. Agents. Med. Chem. (2011) April 27; Lewerenz, et al.,J. Neurochem. (2010) 113 (2), 502-504). Previous and ongoing studiessuggest that these activities of Fisetin are mediated via distinctpathways but that all three may be important for the neuroprotectiveeffects of Fisetin in vivo (Maher, P. Genes. Nutr. (2009) September 10).To assess GSH maintenance, total intracellular GSH levels after a 24 hrtreatment with the compound both in the absence and presence ofglutamate, an inducer of GSH loss and oxidative stress (Tan, et al.,Curr. Top. Med. Chem. (2001) 1, 497-506; Maher, et al., Free RadicalResearch. (2006) 40 (10), 1105-1111) was measured. Inhibition ofLPS-induced microglial activation was determined by treating N9 mousemicroglial cells with LPS alone and in the presence of the compounds andassaying NO release into the medium 24 hr later (Zheng, et al., Int.Immunopharmacol. (2008) 8, (3), 484-494). PC12 cell differentiation wasdetermined by treating PC12 cells with the compounds and looking atneurite outgrowth after 24 hr. In all cases, Fisetin was used as apositive control (Sagara, et al., J. Neurochem. (2004) 90, 1144-1155).

Structure Activity Relationships

Hydrogen bonding properties of drugs can significantly influence theirCNS uptake profiles, polar molecules are generally poor CNS agents, lowlipophilicity (CLogP) and high hydrogen bonding decreases BBBpenetration (Pajouhesh, et al., NeuroRx. (2005) 2, 541-553). The rolesof the four different hydroxyl groups in the activity of Fisetin werestudied. It was found that removal of the 7-hydroxyl (CMS-04P (a.k.a,PM-004)) improved the neuroprotective activity ˜6-fold over Fisetin inthe primary screen of in vitro ischemia without loss of either theGSH-maintaining activity or PC12 cell differentiation, and also enhancedlipophilicity (from CLogP 1.24 to 1.82 (Table 1)). Further, thismodification did not alter the anti-inflammatory activity relative toFisetin (Table 1).

Tables 1-3 show half maximal effective concentrations (EC₅₀s) forprotection in the in vitro ischemia assay were determined by exposingHT22 cells to different doses of each derivative in the presence of 20μM IAA for 2 hr (HT22/IAA). Cell viability was determined after 24 hr bythe MTT assay. The ability to maintain GSH (GSH) was determined bytreating HT22 cells with different doses of each derivative (1-10 μM) inthe presence of 5 mM glutamate. After 24 hr cell extracts were preparedand analyzed for total GSH. Fisetin (10 μM) was used as a positivecontrol. The ability to induce PC12 cell differentiation (PC12 diff'n)was determined by treating PC12 cells in N₂ medium with different dosesof each derivative (1-10 μM) for 24 hr. Differentiation was assessed byvisual inspection with Fisetin (10 μM) as a positive control.Anti-inflammatory activity (microglia) was assessed in N9 microglialcells treated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide alone or in the presencedifferent doses of each derivative (1-10 μM) for 24 hr. Fisetin was usedas a positive control. TEAC values, a measure of direct antioxidantactivity, were determined using the ABTS decolorization assay.

TABLE 1 EC₅₀ in vitro ischemia PC12 Compound M.Wt tPSA CLogP Structure(μM) GSH diff'n microglia TEAC Fisetin 286 107   1.24

3 yes yes 80% 3   CMS-02P 304 67   3.52

0.08 no yes 55% 0.18 CMS-04P 270 87   1.82

0.5 yes yes 80% 2   CMS-018 338 45   5.16

no no no  2% 0.15 CMS-025 354 65   4.71

0.5 no no 11% 0.84 CMS-027 298 87   2.77

0.5 no no 82% 1.89 CMS-028 282 67   3.30

0.25 no no 93% 0.27 CMS-036 376 65   4.94

0.3 no no 13% 0.15 CMS-038 360 45   5.39

no no no  2% 0.2  CMS-040 320 87   2.99

0.09 no yes 91% 2.4  CMS-041 320 87   2.99

0.25 no yes 87% 1.26 CMS-058 386 45   5.87

0.5 no no 83% 0.09 CMS-059 402 65   5.42

0.17 no no 14% 0.27 CMS-064 296 56   3.66

0.03 no no 41% 0.12 CMS-065 424 65   5.65

0.08 no yes 88% 0   CMS-069 312 76   3.19

0.04 no no 77% 1.89 CMS-070 334 76   3.41

>0.5 no yes 78% 0.63 CMS-072 318 56   3.88

0.04 no no 19% 0.2  CMS-092 312  76.00 3.19

0.02 no no 72% 1.74 CMS-093 298  87.00 2.40

>0.5 no no  0% 1.56 CMS-094 282  66.76 2.93

>0.5 no no  5% 0.15 CMS-114 357  49.77 4.51

0.07 no yes 26% 1.44 CMS-115 341  29.54 4.99

0.2 no no 23% 0.03 CMS-116 319  29.54 4.70

>0.5 no no  2% 0.12 CMS-117 309  49.77 4.17

0.02 yes no 11% 3   CMS-118 331  49.77 4.40

0.04 yes no  0% 0.93 CMS-119 293  29.54 4.65

>0.5 no no  8% 0   CMS-120 315  29.54 4.88

0.25 no no 35% 0.24 CMS-122 335  49.77 4.28

0.09 yes yes  0% 2.4  CMS-140 372  70.00 4.09

0.005 Yes Yes 50% 2.1 

This finding spurred replacement of the 7-hydroxyl group withhydrophobic groups in order to improve the lipophilicity and tPSA tovalues more consistent with typical CNS drugs (Hitchcock, et al., J.Med. Chem. (2006) 49 (26), 7559-7583 and Pajouhesh, et al., NeuroRx.(2005) 2, 541-553). The addition of a benzene ring (CMS-040) to the Aring further enhanced neuroprotective activity ˜5.5-fold with a muchmore pronounced effect seen with the α-naphthyl derivative (CMS-040) asopposed to the (3-naphthyl (CMS-041) derivative (Table 1). However, thismodification reduced the ability of the derivative to maintain GSH underconditions of oxidative stress. For this derivative, the 3-hydroxyl wasdid not seem to affect neuroprotective activity (CMS-040 vs CMS-02P(a.k.a, PM-002)) but did enhance anti-inflammatory activity. We alsoexamined the role of the B ring hydroxyl's in neuroprotection as well asthe other key activities of alpha lnaphthyl derivative. Changing bothhydroxyls to ethoxy groups (CMS-036, CMS-038) not only greatly reducedneuroprotective activity but also eliminated both the anti-inflammatoryactivity and the ability to induce PC12 cell differentiation. Changingonly one of the hydroxyls to a methoxy group enhanced neuroprotectiveactivity ˜2-fold over CMS-040 in the absence of the 3-hydroxyl group(CMS-072) but greatly reduced neuroprotective activity relative toCMS-040 in the presence of the 3 hydroxyl (CMS-070). Furthermore, thismodification did not restore the ability to maintain GSH underconditions of oxidative stress and the derivative without the 3 hydroxyl(CMS-072) also lacked anti-inflammatory activity and the ability toinduce PC12 cell differentiation.

Surprisingly, changing the 4′-hydroxyl to a benzyloxy group (CMS-065)restored neuroprotective activity in the presence of the 3-hydroxyl.Compounds possessing tertiary nitrogen (a feature of many CNS drugs)show a higher degree of brain permeation (Hitchcock, et al., J. Med.Chem. (2006) 49 (26), 7559-7583; Pajouhesh, et al., NeuroRx. (2005) 2,541-553; and Lloyed, et al., J. Med. Chem. (1986) 29, 453-462). However,also effective in terms of neuroprotective activity was the replacementof the both hydroxyls with a single dimethyl amino group at the4′-position which resulted in a highly neuroprotective compound in thepresence of the 3-hydroxyl group (CMS-118) and a somewhat less effectivecompound in its absence (CMS-120), also this modification eliminated twohydrogen bond donors. Although CMS-118 regained the ability to maintainGSH levels, it lacked both anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic activity.Modification of the dimethyl amine to a pyrrolidine group at the4′-position gave a compound that had excellent neuroprotective activityin the presence of the 3-hydroxyl (CMS-114) and could also induce PC12cell differentiation but had poor anti-inflammatory activity and did notmaintain GSH levels. In sum, an additional benzene ring (α-naphthyl)enhanced neuroprotective activity up to 75-fold, but many derivativeslacked the ability to maintain GSH under oxidative stress. Somedeficiency in anti-inflammatory activity was noted in these analogs. Asecond approach to improving the pharmacological properties of Fisetinwas also explored.

For this second approach, replacement of the benzene ring with twomethyl groups (CMS-027) was performed in order to generate a derivativewith a similar CLogP and tPSA as CMS-040 but with a less bulky additionto the A ring (Table 1). Surprisingly, this derivative not only showedsignificantly decreased neuroprotective activity as compared withCMS-040 but also lost the ability to induce PC12 cell differentiationalong with the continued failure to maintain GSH levels. Removal of the3-hydroxyl enhanced neuroprotective activity 2-fold (CMS-028) but didnot restore the induction of PC12 cell differentiation or themaintenance of GSH. Modification of the B ring hydroxyls produced mixedresults. Modification of one hydroxyl to a methoxy (CMS-064, CMS-069,CMS-092) improved neuroprotective activity ˜10-20-fold but reducedanti-inflammatory activity. Similar to the results with the derivativesof CMS-040, modification of both the B ring hydroxyl groups to ethoxygroups (CMS-018, CMS-025) gave similar levels of neuroprotectiveactivity.

Also, these derivatives exhibited little if any ability to maintain GSHor induce PC12 cell differentiation and they also showed reducedanti-inflammatory activity. While the methoxy, benzyloxy dimethylderivative showed enhanced neuroprotective activity relative to CMS-027in the presence of the 3-hydroxyl (CMS-059), it exhibited relatively lowanti-inflammatory activity. Further, separation of the B ring hydroxyls(CMS-093, CMS-094) not only eliminated neuroprotective activity but theother key activities as well. However, similar to the results with thederivatives of CMS-040, replacement of the hydroxyls with a singledimethyl amino group at the 4′ position produced a compound withexcellent neuroprotective activity but only in the presence of the3-hydroxyl (CMS-117 vs CMS-119). This compound also regained the abilityto maintain GSH but lacked neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory activity.Addition of a single pyrrolidine group to the 4′ position instead gave acompound that had excellent neuroprotective activity only in thepresence of the 3 hydroxyl (CMS-122 vs CMS-116) and could also maintainGSH levels and induce PC12 cell differentiation but still had pooranti-inflammatory activity. However, addition of a 3′-hydroxyl to thisderivative resulted in a compound with outstanding neuroprotectiveactivity (CMS-140) that could also maintain GSH under conditions ofoxidative stress, induce PC12 differentiation and had reasonableanti-inflammatory activity.

Chalcones are intermediates in the synthesis of flavonoids and were usedto determine the effect of opening up the C-ring on activity (Table 2).Surprisingly, the chalcones of both the naphthyl (CMS-034) and dimethylderivatives (CMS-011) had similar (CMS-034) or enhanced (CMS-011)neuroprotective activity compared to their flavone counterparts and alsoregained all of the key activities including the ability to maintain GSHunder conditions of oxidative stress. In contrast, the chalcones whereboth the B ring hydroxyls were modified had either no (CMS-032, CMS-013,CMS-086) or greatly reduced (CMS-063) neuroprotective activity.Furthermore, splitting the B ring hydroxyls of CMS-011 (CMS-087)eliminated the ability to maintain GSH under conditions of oxidativestress. The conversion of a hydroxyl to a methoxy (CMS-088) alsoeliminated the ability to promote PC12 cell differentiation.

TABLE 2 EC₅₀ in vitro ischemia PC12 Compound M.Wt tPSA CLogP Structure(μM) GSH diff'n microglia TEAC Fisetin 286 107   1.24

3   yes yes 80% 3   CMS-011 284 78   3.64

0.05 yes yes 94% 2.7  CMS-013 340 56   5.62

no no no 56% 0.09 CMS-032 362 56   5.84

no no no  5% 0.12 CMS-034 306 78   3.86

0.08 yes yes 75% 2.8  CMS-063 410 56   6.55

0.5  no no  9% 0.15 CMS-086 388  55.76 6.33

no yes yes 70% 0.12 CMS-087 284  77.76 3.57

0.05 no yes 53% 0.93 CMS-088 298  66.76 4.08

0.2  no no 56% 0.12

As an alternative approach to improving Fisetin, we modified the flavonescaffold changing it to a quinoline scaffold (Table 3) in an attempt tofurther improve potency and physiochemical properties while retainingthe key structural elements of the flavone in the quinoline scaffold.

TABLE 3 EC₅₀ in vitro ischemia PC12 Compound M.Wt tPSA CLogP Structure(μM) GSH diff'n microglia TEAC Fisetin 286 107   1.24

3 yes yes 80% 3   CMS-001 281 51   3.89

no no no 69% 0.24 CMS-004 323 40   5.33

no no no 76% 0.12 CMS-007 267 62   3.66

0.04 yes no 85% 0.36 CMS-017 281 51   3.89

0.5 no no 90% 0.15 CMS-021 235 21   4.55

0.75 no no  6% 0.12 CMS-022 251 42   4.07

no no no  4% 0.81 CMS-023 281 62   4.20

0.02 yes yes 90% 0.90 CMS-024 295 62   4.50

0.02 yes yes 80% 0.18 CMS-083 267  62.06 3.30

>0.5 no no 84% 0.05 CMS-084 295  62.05 4.13

0.21 no no 64% 0.27 CMS-109 278  24.83 4.82

0.06 no no 62% 0.06 CMS-110 304  24.83 4.93

no no no 67% 0.27 CMS-111 296  93.63 4.33

no no no 25% 0.18 CMS-112 306  24.83 5.66

0.05 no no 71% 0.15 CMS-113 332  24.83 5.77

0.5 no no 67% 0.27 CMS-121 321  62.05 5.14

0.007 yes yes 82% 0.40

Compound CMS-007 showed a −75-fold increase in neuroprotective activityrelative to Fisetin, maintained GSH under conditions of oxidative stressand had strong anti-inflammatory activity. It did not induce PC12 celldifferentiation. A number of modifications were explored to see ifneuroprotective activity could be enhanced and/or PC12 celldifferentiating activity could be restored. Interestingly, thesubstitution of an ethoxy (CMS-023) or an iso-propoxy (CMS-024) for themethoxy group on the C ring did restore the differentiating activitywhile also slightly improving (˜2-fold) the neuroprotective activityrelative to CMS-007. Replacement of the O-methyl group with anO-cyclopentyl ring resulted in a compound with a >400-fold decrease inEC₅₀ relative to Fisetin for neuroprotective activity (CMS-121) andmaintenance of all of the key activities. For all forms, removal of one(CMS-022) or both (CMS-021) of the B ring hydroxyls or conversion of oneor both of these hydroxyls to methoxy (CMS-001, CMS-017), ethoxy(CMS-004), nitro (CMS-111) or chlorine or fluorine (not shown) greatlyreduced or eliminated neuroprotective activity. All of these changesalso reduced or eliminated all of the other key activities. Splittingthe two ring hydroxyls (CMS-083, CMS-084) also reduced neuroprotectiveactivity and eliminated the ability to maintain GSH and induce PC12 celldifferentiation but did not impact anti-inflammatory activity. Incontrast to the derivatives based on the flavone scaffold, the additionof a single dimethyl amino (CMS-109, CMS-112) or pyrrolidine group(CMS-110, CMS-113) to the 4′ position of the B ring did not enhanceneuroprotective activity relative to the 3′, 4′ dihydroxy derivative andgenerally resulted in a reduction or elimination of the other keyactivities. Thus, in the presence of the quinoline scaffold the catecholgroup on the B ring is essential for activity.

The transcription factor Nrf2 plays a key role in regulating GSHmetabolism in many different cell types (Lewerenz, et al., Antioxidant &Redox Signaling. (2011) 14, 1449-1465). We have shown that Fisetin caninduce Nrf2 and this correlates with its ability to enhance GSH levels(Maher, P. et al., Genes. Nutr. (2009) September 10). To determine ifthe derivatives which can maintain GSH levels do so by increasing Nrf2we looked at Nrf2 levels in the nuclei of derivative-treated cells usingFisetin as a positive control (Table 4). Surprisingly, not all of thederivatives that maintained GSH levels induced Nrf2. This wasparticularly true for the derivatives based on the quinoline scaffoldwhere none of them increased Nrf2 despite being very effective atmaintaining GSH levels.

TABLE 4 Compound Nrf2 Fisetin Yes CMS-04P Yes (a.k.a, PM-004) CMS-117 NoCMS-118 No CMS-122 No CMS-140 No CMS-011 Yes CMS-034 Yes CMS-086 YesCMS-007 No CMS-023 No CMS-024 No CMS-121 No

The ability of the derivatives that maintain GSH levels to induce thetranscription factor Nrf2 was assayed by SDS-PAGE and Western blottingof nuclear extracts of untreated and derivative-treated cells. Fisetintreatment was used as a positive control.

Discussion

Several important findings emerge from this study. First, within theflavone scaffold SAR demonstrated various selectivities among fourdistinct biological activities and improved neuroprotective activity upto 600-fold (CMS-140). While it is possible to maintain all of theactivities that are likely to be important for in vivo efficacy, each ofthese activities seems to have specific and distinct structuralrequirements. Thus, using the compounds described herein, it is possibleto balance enhanced neuroprotective activity with the other keyactivities as well as the physical characteristics of the compounds inorder to arrive at compounds that have efficacy in vivo. An additionalfinding is that neither the neuroprotective activity nor any of theother three key activities of the Fisetin derivatives synthesized thusfar show correlation with antioxidant activity as defined by the TEACvalue (Table 1).

Each of the tested activities of the Fisetin derivatives shows distinctstructural requirements. For example, within the flavone structure(Table 1), the maintenance of GSH poses the strictest structuralrequirements. It is highly sensitive to modification of the A ring(CMS-040, CMS-027). Substitution of the B ring hydroxyls with atertiary-amino group is compatible with the maintenance of GSH even inthe presence of A ring modifications (CMS-117, CMS-118) as long as a 3hydroxyl group is present. In contrast, the anti-inflammatory activityof the flavone-based derivatives is not particularly sensitive tomodification of the A ring, especially in the presence of a 3-hydroxylgroup (e.g. CMS-040 vs. CMS-04P (a.k.a, PM-004)). The anti-inflammatoryactivity of the flavone-based derivatives, however, is less tolerant ofmodification of the B ring hydroxyls (e.g. CMS-036, CMS-072) and is alsoless tolerant of substitution of the tertiary-amino groups regardless ofthe presence of a 3-hydroxyl group (e.g. CMS-117, CMS-119). Theanti-inflammatory dampening effect of the tertiary amino groups isreduced by the re-addition of a hydroxyl group to the 3′ position(CMS-140). The PC12 differentiation promoting activity of theflavone-based derivatives shows a similar but less demanding set ofstructural requirements as the GSH maintaining activity for it issomewhat more tolerant of modifications to the A ring (e.g. CMS-040 butnot CMS-027). In addition, while this activity is sensitive tomodifications of the B ring hydroxyls, it tolerates limitedmodifications that eliminate the GSH maintaining activity (e.g.CMS-065).

Once the flavone structure is opened up to give the chalcone (Table 2),only modification of the B ring hydroxyls affects the GSH maintainingactivity of the Fisetin derivatives. The one exception is CMS-086 whichhas a methoxy and a benzyloxy group on the B ring. The PC12differentiation promoting activity of the chalcone-based derivativesshows similar structural requirements as the GSH maintaining activity.Interestingly, while the anti-inflammatory activity of the α-naphthachalcone-based derivatives is eliminated by modification of the B ringhydroxyls, the anti-inflammatory activity of the dimethyl chalconebased-derivatives is much more tolerant of this type of modification.

The quinoline scaffold reserves the key structural elements of theflavone and results in enhanced neuroprotective activity up (upto >400×) while maintaining the other enumerated activities. Althoughthese derivatives have reduced free radical scavenging activity based onTEAC values (Table 1) relative to Fisetin, several are highlyneuroprotective in the described in vitro assay. In addition, while themost neuroprotective compounds with this scaffold have hydroxyl groups,they are not polyphenolic. Interestingly, within the context of thisscaffold, the structural requirements for each activity are somewhatsharper. For the maintenance of GSH, a catechol group on the B ring isimportant. PC12 differentiation promoting activity requires both acatechol group on the B ring and a hydrophobic group on the 4-positionof the C ring. The requirements for anti-inflammatory activity aresomewhat less stringent but are sensitive to modifications of the B ringhydroxyls in a manner similar to the flavone-based derivatives.

It is possible to separate neuroprotective activity from the three otherenumerated activities of Fisetin. This result suggests that none of thethree activities play a role in neuroprotection in the in vitro ischemiaassay. Both the differentiation-promoting and anti-inflammatoryactivities could have important roles in maintaining CNS function invivo but are less likely to be relevant in an in vitro assay with asingle cell type. What is more surprising is that the ability tomaintain GSH is not essential for neuroprotection in the in vitroischemia assay as GSH loss is a component of this cell death paradigm(Maher, et al., Brain Research. (2007) 1173, 117-125). However, thecompounds with the lowest EC₅₀'s for neuroprotection are all effectiveat maintaining GSH levels. Furthermore, many of the effectiveneuroprotective compounds that do not maintain GSH are also not goodantioxidants as defined by the TEAC assay, an in vitro assay forantioxidant activity. While not wishing to be bound by theory, theseresults suggest that the neuroprotection by the compounds describedherein is mediated by some other, as yet undefined, actions of thesecompounds.

Surprisingly, the ability to maintain GSH levels did not correlate withthe induction of Nrf2 by the compounds. There are a number of othermechanisms for maintaining GSH levels that could be modulated by thesecompounds including reduction of GSH utilization or inhibition of GSHexport (Lewerenz, et al., Antioxidant & Redox Signaling. (2011) 14,1449-1465).

Fisetin derivatives described herein also have improved medicinalchemical properties in terms of HBD, CLogP and tPSA, falling within thecriteria for CNS drugs (Hitchcock, et al., J. Med. Chem. (2006) 49 (26),7559-7583; and Pajouhesh, et al., NeuroRx. (2005) 2, 541-553). Also, theFisetin derivatives described herein, because they lack A ring hydroxylgroups which are known to be subject to modification following oraladministration, are less likely to be metabolized, leading to enhancedbioavailability and brain penetration (Shia, et al., J. Agric. FoodChem. (2009) 57(1):83-89).

Starting with the multi-target polyphenol Fisetin, a number ofderivatives were prepared, showing greatly enhanced neuroprotectiveactivity (e.g. CMS-011 50 nM, CMS-121 7 nM and CMS-140 5 nM) in a cellculture-based model of ischemia. Many of the more potent Fisetinderivatives also have good CNS drug-like properties. Some of thesederivatives also maintain the other three described activities ofFisetin demonstrating their efficacy by correlation to stroke as well asother neurological diseases. It is possible to enhance a primaryactivity of a polyphenol such as Fisetin while at the same timemaintaining other key activities which are not necessarily directlyrelated to this primary activity.

Example 9 In Vitro Stroke Screening Assays

HT22 Cell Screen:

For rapid screening of chemical libraries, a mouse HT22 hippocampal celldeath assay induced by addition of the compound iodoacetic acid (IAA)was used. IAA is a well-known, irreversible inhibitor of the glycolyticenzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH). IAA has beenused in a number of other studies to induce ischemia in nerve cells[111-115]. The changes following IAA treatment of neural cells are verysimilar to changes which have been seen in animal models of ischemicstroke [116] and include alterations in membrane potential [115],breakdown of phospholipids [117], loss of ATP and an increase inreactive oxygen species (ROS)[112, 117]. A 2 hr treatment of the HT22cells with 20 μM IAA induces 85-90% cell death, when measured 20 hrsafter the addition of IAA. The specific dose of IAA results in a highlyreproducible cell death assay, which makes the assay an effective andreproducible screen to test a wide range of drug concentrations. Forexample, as shown FIGS. 3, 5 and 6, the cell death caused by treatmentof HT22 cells with 20 μM IAA can be prevented in a dose dependentfashion by the flavonoids Fisetin and Baicalein.

For the chemical ischemia assay, HT22 cells were plated in 96-welltissue culture dishes at 5×10³ cells/well [118, 119]. The following daycompounds at 0.5, 2 and 5 M are added followed by 20 μM IAA. After 2 hr,the medium is replaced with IAA-free medium containing the sameconcentration of compound. All data points are done in quadruplicate andcontrols include compound alone for toxicity and compound with no cellsfor interference with the assay. After 20 hr cell viability isdetermined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay [120]. Positive hits (i.e., protection from IAAtoxicity) will be confirmed by visual inspection. The EC₅₀(concentration of a drug that is required for 50% neuroprotection invitro) were determined and compounds that rescue 50% or more of thecells were subjected to a dose-response curve from 10 nM to 50 μM.

Excitotoxicity Cell Assay:

Primary cultures of cortical neurons that die due to excitotoxicity wereprepared as described previously [121]. Briefly, BALB/c mouse embryocortices were minced and treated with 0.1% trypsin for 20 min. Aftercentrifugation, the cells are resuspended in 827 Neurobasal medium(Invitrogen) plus 10% fetal calf serum and are dissociated by repeatedpipetting through a 1 mL blue Eppendorf pipette tip. Then the cells areplated at 1×10⁵ cells per well in 96-well poly-L-lysine andlaminin-coated microtiter plates (Becton Dickinson, Bedford, Mass., USA)in 827 Neurobasal plus 10% fetal calf serum and 20% glialgrowth-conditioned medium. Two days later the medium is aspirated andreplaced by serum-free 827 Neurobasal medium plus 10 μg/mL cytosinearabinoside. The cultures are used without media change 11 days afterplating and are essentially free of astrocytes. They are exposed to 10μM glutamate followed by varying concentrations of the compounds. Cellviability is determined 24 h later using the fluorescent live/deadassay. Glial conditioned medium is prepared from confluent rat astrocytecultures [121]. The cells are washed twice with serum-free medium andincubated for 2 days in serum-free Neurobasal medium to produce thegrowth conditioned medium.

Example 10 Polyphenol Compounds Useful to Treat and Prevent Ischemia

Compounds derived from any of 3 scaffolds were identified using in vitrostroke screening assays. An iterative process was used to select activeneuroprotective compounds. Compounds of interest promoted cell survivalwith an EC₅₀≦100 nM in each of the 2 assays below. Compounds increasedcell survival to the degree specified for each assay:

(1) ≧80% cell survival in mouse HT22 hippocampal cells in the presenceof 20 μM iodoacetic acid (IAA) (in vitro ischemia model). See, Maher, etal., Brain Res. 2007, 1173:117-25.(2) ≧35% cell survival in primary mouse cortical neurons in the presenceof 10 μM glutamate (in vitro excitotoxicity assay). See, Ishige, et al.,Free Radic Biol Med, 2001, 30(4): p. 433-46.

Table 5 shows the screening activity data for 3 compounds, Fisetin,chlorogenic acid and Baicalein.

TABLE 5 CRITERIA ≧35% CRITERIA SURVIVAL CRITERIA ≧80% Primary EC₅₀ ≦ 100SURVIVAL Cortical Cell (nM) HT22 Cell assay- HT22 Cell IAA assayGlutamate (% IAA assay (maximal % protection @ Compound Structure NameEC₅₀ (nM) protection) 100 nM) Fisetin

3,7,3′,4′- tetrahydroxy flavone 3000 90 0 Chlorogenic Acid

1,3,4,5- tetrahydroxycyclo- hexanecarboxylic acid 3-(3,4-dihydrocinnamate) 5000 45 0 Baicalein

5,6,7- trihydroxyflavone 1500 85 0

Table 6 reports details of activity from screens using the IAA HT22 cellassay per (1) above and the primary cortical cell glutamate assay per(2) above. Using the primary screening assays defined above, compoundswere identified that increase cell survival to the pre-determinedpercentages in the criteria set forth in Table 5. Compounds listed inTable 6 were derived from the 3 scaffolds and fulfill criteria statedabove.

TABLE 6 HT22 Cell Primary Cortical HT22 Cell IAA assay Cell assay- IAA(% Glutamate assay protection (% protection @ Compound Structure NameEC₅₀ (nM) @ 100 nM) 100 nM) PM-008

3′,4′,5′- trihydroxyflavone  42 88 100 PM-010

6-methyl-3,3′,4′- trihydroxy flavone  46 89  65 PM-013

6-ethyl-3,3′,4′- trihydroxy flavone  61 81  51 PM-012

6-propyl-3,3′,4′- trihydroxy flavone  38 80  82 CMS-007

4-methoxy-2-(3,4- dihydroxyphenyl) quinoline  43 71 ND CMS-011

4′,5′-dimethyl- 2′,3,4- trihydroxychalcone  53 62 ND CMS-023

4-ethoxy-2-(3,4- dihydroxyphenyl) quinoline  21 72 100 CMS-024

4-isopropoxy-2- (3,4- dihydroxyphenyl) quinoline  21 72  58 CMS-034

2′,3,4-triihydroxy alpha- naphthochalcone  79 63 ND CMS-040

3,3′,4′-triihydroxy alpha- naphthoflavone  33 67  86 CMS-059

6,7-dimethyl-3- hydroxy-4′- benzyloxy-3′- methoxyflavone 167 49  78CMS-069

3,4′-dihydroxy-3′- methoxyflavone  36 67  86

Table 7 summarizes structure activity relationship (SAR) data derivedfrom the synthesis and testing of Fisetin-based compounds. The summarydescribed specific chemical modifications that results in enhancedbioactivity using the HT22 cell IAA bioassay. Table 7 also includes 3compounds that increase survival >80% with EC50<100 nM in the HT22 cellbioassay (i.e., CMS-034, PM-002, CMS-092).

TABLE 7 STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP (SAR) HT22 Cell IAA assay S.EC₅₀ No. Compound Structure MW tPSA CLogP (nM)  1 Fisetin

286 107.2 1.24 3000  2 PM-004

270  87.0 1.82  500  3 PM-001

254  66.8 2.35  500  4 PM-008

270 87  1.70  42  5 PM-014

270 87  2.51  49  6 CMS-034

306 78  3.86  79  7 PM-002

304  66.8 3.52  80  8 PM-003

304  66.8 3.52  80  9 CMS-040

320 87  2.99  88 10 CMS-065

424 65  5.65  81 11 CMS-072

318 56  3.88  44 12 PM-010

284 87  2.31  46 13 PM-013

298 87  2.84  61 14 PM-012

312 87  2.84  61 15 CMS-011

284 78  3.64  53 16 CMS-059

402 65  5.42  167 17 CMS-064

296 56  3.66  34 18 CMS-069

312 76  3.19  36 19 CMS-078

344  55.8 4.50  134 20 CMS-092

312  76.0 3.19  20 21 CMS-007

267 62  3.66  21 22 CMS-023

281 62  4.20  21 23 CMS-024

295 62  4.50  21 24 CMS-084

295  62.1 4.13  210

The flavone Fisetin was identified as a lead neuroprotective compoundthrough screening a library of small molecules using a mouse HT22hippocampal chemical ischemia (IAA toxicity) assay that mimics severalimportant aspects of ischemia and stroke. Fisetin was then modified toimprove its potency, physicochemical and absorption, distribution,metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties and to understand itsstructure activity relationship (SAR). For example, to enhance brainpenetration the CLogP needed to be increased and the tPSA reduced. Theinitial SAR studies of Fisetin suggested that the absence of a hydroxylgroup on the A ring enhances its potency. For example, both compounds 2(PM-004) and 3 (PM-001) are 6 fold more potent than Fisetin. However,the presence/absence of a hydroxyl group at the 3-position of the B ringdoes not have an impact on the potency of Fisetin (compare compounds 2and 3). To further improve the potency of compound 3, multiplehydrophobic groups were added to various positions on the A ring. Theaddition of methyl groups at the 6 and/or 7 position of the A ringimproved the potency ˜10-100 fold over Fisetin (e.g. compound 12(PM-010)) while the addition of a more hydrophobic naphthalene group(e.g., compounds 7 (PM-002) and 8 (PM-003)) improved the potency ˜40fold over Fisetin and increased the ClogP and reduced the tPSA. SARstudies on the C ring suggested that hydrogen bond accepting groups suchas a methoxy at the 4′ position and a hydrogen bond donating group suchas a hydroxyl at the 3′ position further enhanced potency. For example,compounds 17 (CMS-064), 18 (CMS-069) and 20 (CMS-092) are some of themost potent compounds, with EC₅₀s below 40 nM. However, since some ofthe compounds did not increase survival to the specified amount (≧80%),only CMS-092 is a reserve compound. These compounds also have CLogP'sand tPSA's consistent with enhanced brain penetration.

The flavone scaffold was also modified, changing it a to quinolinescaffold in order to further improve the potency and physicochemicalproperties such as CLogP. In certain embodiments, structural elements ofthe flavone in the quinoline scaffold were reserved, such as hydrogenbond acceptors on the B ring including the quinoline ring ‘N’ atom andan alkoxy group at the 4-position of the quinoline ring, as well as a3′,4′-disubstituted C ring. SAR on the quinoline scaffold indicated thatmore hydrophobic alkoxy groups at the 4-position of the quinoline ringenhanced the potency (isopropoxy˜ethoxy>methoxy). Compound 23 (CMS-023)was identified, which is −140 fold more potent than Fisetin and equallypotent as the most active flavone, compound 20 (CMS-092).

In addition to providing SAR, Table 7 provides information of additionalcompounds that may serve as reserve compounds, e.g., PM-008, CMS-040,PM-010, PM-013, PM-012, CMS-011, CMS-007, CMS-023 and CMS-024. However,other compounds, e.g., CMS-034, PM-002 and CMS-092, have an EC₅₀≦100 nMin the HT22 cell assay.

Table 8 presents a series of compounds (e.g., CMS-034, CMS-029, PM-002,CMS-117, CMS-118, CMS-121, CMS-129, CMS-139 and CMS-140) that meetcriteria in the HT22 cell assay (increase survival>80% with EC50≦100nM), which include compounds CMS-117, CMS-118, CMS-121, CMS-129, CMS-139and CMS-140.

TABLE 8 HT22 Cell IAA assay EC₅₀ Max Compound Structure MW tPSA CLogP(nM) Protection CMS-034

306 78.0 3.86 79 81% CMS-092

312 76.0 3.19 20 90% PM-002

304 66.8 3.52 80 86% CMS-114

357 49.8 4.51 71 74% CMS-117

309 49.8 4.17 20 81% CMS-118

331 49.8 4.40 44 82% CMS-121

321 62.1 5.14  7 86% CMS-129

298 77.8 4.12 80 81% CMS-137

373 49.8 5.43 85 75% CMS-138

359 60.8 4.74 70 72% CMS-139

387 59.0 4.53 50 92% CMS-140

373 70.0 3.86 10 89%

Select compounds were profiled using the Ames test (See, e.g.,Mortelmans, et al., Mutat. Res. (2000) 455(1-2): 29-60), CP450 assaysand Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) penetration in MDCK cell assay (See, Wang,et al., Intl. J. Pharmaceutics (2005) 288(2): 349-359 and Rubin, et al,J. Cell Biol (1991) 115(6):1725-35). Compounds of interest meet thefollowing criteria:

(1) The compounds will not be mutagenic in the Ames mutagenicity assaydefined at a concentration <10 M.(2) The IC₅₀ for CYP450 inhibition should be ≧10 M. This discovery leveltest will determine how Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP4501A2, CYP4502C9,CYP4503A4 and CYP4502D6) interact with the compounds. This test is beingdone since the enzymatic system responsible for metabolism for excretionand detoxification is mainly the cytochrome P450 system in the liver.(3) In the MDCK cell assay for blood brain barrier (BBB) penetration,the apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) for both directions willbe calculated along with the efflux ratio (Papp B→A/Papp A→B). Thepotential for BBB penetration will be viewed as:1) high if Papp A→B≧3.0×10⁻⁶ cm/s and efflux<3.0;2) moderate if Papp A→B≧3.0×10⁻⁶ cm/s and 10>efflux≧3.0×10⁻⁶ cm/s;3) low if Papp A→B≧3.0×10⁻⁶ cm/s and efflux≧10 orPapp A→B<3.0×10⁻⁶ cm/s.

The MDCK assay strategy ensures the identification of compounds withgood potential to cross the BBB since only compounds in the high andmoderate categories will be pursued.

Compounds meeting the selection criteria in the Ames assay, CytochromeP450 Assay and MDCK Assay are further screened using the CeeTox panelwith Ctox ranking as the outcome. See, McKim, Comb Chem High ThroughputScreen. (2010) 13(2):188-206; McKim, et al., Cutan Ocul Toxicol. (2010)29(3):171-92; and Lapchak and McKim, Transl Stroke Res. (2011)2(1):51-59. CeeTox quantitative measures include the following:

(1) Membrane Integrity (GST or Adenylate Kinase leakage)(2) Mitochondrial Function measuring MTT and ATP levels:(3) Cell Proliferation using propidium iodide(4) Oxidative Stress measuring both GSH and 8-isoprostane(5) Apoptosis measuring caspase 3 activation(6) Pgp interaction

(7) Solubility

(8) Microsomal metabolic stability

Based upon a CeeTox algorithm, results from the CeeTox Panel of thefirst 7 assays described above are used to rank-order the compoundsbased on cytotoxicity, to identify potential subcellular targets andmechanisms of toxicity, and to provide an estimated concentration (theCtox value) where toxicity would be expected to occur in a rat 14-day invivo repeat dose study.

The microsomal metabolic stability assay is conducted to determinecompound stability. The results are presented separately from the CToxRanking and defined cut-off criteria are not established since compoundsare administered intravenously clinically.

Criteria for success: (1) Probability of in vivo effects:Ctox Ranking (μM) 1-20 high—Do not proceed

-   -   21-50 moderate—Proceed    -   51-300 low—Proceed

REFERENCES

-   1. NINDS, Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke.    The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rtPA    Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med, 1995. 333(24): p. 1581-7.-   2. Albers, G. W., et al., Intravenous tissue-type plasminogen    activator for treatment of acute stroke: the Standard Treatment with    Alteplase to Reverse Stroke (STARS) study. JAMA, 2000. 283(9): p.    1145-50.-   3. Alberts, M. J., tPA in acute ischemic stroke: United States    experience and issues for the future. Neurology, 1998. 51 (3 Suppl    3): p. S53-5.-   4. Lapchak, P. A., Development of thrombolytic therapy for stroke: a    perspective. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs, 2002. 11 (11): p.    1623-1632.-   5. Dimagl, U., C. Iadecola, and M. A. Moskowitz, Pathobiology of    ischaemic stroke: an integrated view. Trends Neurosci, 1999.    22(9): p. 391-7.-   6. Zivin, J. A., et. al., Tissue plasminogen activator reduces    neurological damage after cerebral embolism. Science, 1985.    230(4731): p. 1289-92.-   7. Lapchak, P. A., 3alpha-OL-5-beta-pregnan-20-one hemisuccinate, a    steroidal low-affinity NMDA receptor antagonist improves clinical    rating scores in a rabbit multiple infarct ischemia model: synergism    with tissue plasminogen activator. Exp Neurol, 2006. 197(2): p.    531-7.-   8. Lapchak, P. A., D. M. Araujo, and J. A. Zivin, Comparison of    Tenecteplase with Alteplase on clinical rating scores following    small clot embolic strokes in rabbits. Exp Neurol, 2004. 185(1): p.    154-159.-   9. Lapchak, P. A., J. Wei, and J. A. Zivin, Transcranial infrared    laser therapy improves clinical rating scores after embolic strokes    in rabbits. Stroke, 2004. 35(8): p. 1985-8.-   10. Lapchak, P. A., Memantine, an uncompetitive low affinity NMDA    open-channel antagonist improves clinical rating scores in a    multiple infarct embolic stroke model in rabbits. Brain Res, 2006.    1088(1): p. 141-7.-   11. Zivin, J. A., et al., A model for quantitative evaluation of    embolic stroke therapy. Brain Res, 1987. 435(1-2): p. 305-9.-   12. Hacke, W., et al., Thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke:    controlled trials and clinical experience. Neurology, 1999.    53(7): p. S3-14.-   13. Curry, S. H., Why have so many drugs with stellar results in    laboratory stroke models failed in clinical trials? A theory based    on allometric relationships. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2003. 993: p. 69-74;    discussion 79-81.-   14. Hong, H. and G. Q. Liu, Current status and perspectives on the    development of neuroprotectants for ischemic cerebrovascular    disease. Drugs Today (Barc), 2003. 39(3): p. 213-22.-   15. Gladstone, D. J., S. E. Black, and A. M. Hakim, Toward wisdom    from failure: lessons from neuroprotective stroke trials and new    therapeutic directions. Stroke, 2002. 33(8): p. 21 23-36.-   16. Liebeskind, D. S, and S. E. Kasner, Neuroprotection for    ischaemic stroke: an unattainable goal? CNS Drugs, 2001. 15(3): p.    165-74.-   17. Muir, K. W. and D. G. Grosset, Neuroprotection for acute stroke:    making clinical trials work. Stroke, 1999. 30(1): p. 180-2.-   18. Lapchak, P. A. and D. M. Araujo, Advances in Ischemic Stroke    Treatment: Neuroprotective and Combination Therapies. Expert Opinion    on Emerging Drugs 2007. 12(1):97-112.-   19. O'Collins, V. E., et al., 1,026 experimental treatments in acute    stroke. Ann Neurol, 2006. 59(3): p. 467-77.-   20. Recommendations for standards regarding preclinical    neuroprotective and restorative drug development. Stroke, 1999.    30(12): p. 2752-8.-   21. Lees, K. R., et al., NXY-059 for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J    Med, 2006. 354(6): p. 588-600.-   22. Lapchak, P. A., et al., Neuroprotective effects of the spin trap    agent disodium-[(tertbutylimino) methyl]benzene-7,Sdisulfonate    N-oxide (generic NXY-059) in a rabbit small clot embolic stroke    model: combination studies with the thrombolytic tissue plasminogen    activator. Stroke, 2002. 33(5): p. 1411-5.-   23. Lapchak, P. A., et al., Coadministration of NXY-059 and    tenecteplase six hours following embolic strokes in rabbits improves    clinical rating scores. Exp Neurol, 2004. 188(2): p. 279-85.-   24. Kuroda, S., et al., Neuroprotective effects of a novel nitrone,    NXY-059, after transient focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. J Cereb    Blood Flow Metab, 1999. 19(7): p. 778-87.-   25. Lees, K. R., et al., Tolerability of NXY-059 at Higher Target    Concentrations in Patients With Acute Stroke. Stroke, 2003.    34(2): p. 482-7.-   26. Siesjo, B. K., et al., Mechanisms of secondary brain damage in    global and focal ischemia: a speculative synthesis. J    Neurotrauma, 1995. 12(5): p. 943-56.-   27. Siesjo, B. K. and P. Siesjo, Mechanisms of secondary brain    injury. Eur J Anaesthesiol, 1996. 13(3): p. 247-68.-   28. Lapchak, P. A. and D. M. Araujo, Advances in hemorrhagic stroke    therapy: conventional and novel approaches. Expert Opin Emerg    Drugs, 2007. 12(3): p. 389-406.-   29. Lapchak, P. A. and D. M. Araujo, Advances in ischemic stroke    treatment: neuroprotective and combination therapies. Expert Opin    Emerg Drugs, 2007. 12(1): p. 97-112.-   30. Petty, M. A. and J. G. Wettstein, Elements of cerebral    microvascular ischaemia. Brain Res Reviews, 2004. 36: p. 23-34.-   31. Jung, H. A., et al., Antioxidant flavonoids and chlorogenic acid    from the leaves of Eriobotryajaponica. Arch Pharm Res, 1999.    22(2): p. 213-8.-   32. Hirose, K. and P. H. Chan, Blockade of glutamate excitotoxicity    and its clinical applications. Neurochem Res, 1993. 18(4): p.    479-83.-   33. Kucukkaya, B., G. Haklar, and A. S. Yalcin, NMDA excitotoxicity    and free radical generation in rat brain homogenates: application of    a chemiluminescence assay. Neurochem Res, 1996. 21(12): p. 1535-8.-   34. Mattson, M. P., Neuroprotective signal transduction: relevance    to stroke. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 1997. 21(2): p. 193-206.-   35. Prass, K. and U. Dimagl, Glutamate antagonists in therapy of    stroke. Restor Neurol Neurosci, 1998. 13(1-2): p. 3-10.-   36. Facchinetti, F., V. L. Dawson, and T. M. Dawson, Free radicals    as mediators of neuronal injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol, 1998. 18(6): p.    667-82.-   37. Lapchak, P. A., NXY-059. Centaur. Curr Opin Investig    Drugs, 2002. 3(12): p. 1758-62.-   38. Lapchak, P. A. and D. M. Araujo, Spin Trap Agents: A New    Approach to Stroke Therapy. Drug News Perspect, 2002. 15(4): p.    220-225.-   39. Dewar, D., Y. P, and J. McCulloch, Drug development for stroke:    importance of protecting cerebral white matter. Eur J    Pharmacol, 1999. 375: p. 47-50.-   40. Fisher, M., The ischemic penumbra: identification, evolution and    treatment concepts. Cerebrovasc Dis, 2004. 17: p. 1-6.-   41. Goldfinger, T. M., Beyond the French paradox: the impact’ of    moderate beverage alcohol and wine consumption in the prevention of    cardiovascular disease. Cardiol Clin, 2003. 21(3): p. 449-57.-   42. Kar, P., et al., Flavonoid-rich grapeseed extracts: a new    approach in high cardiovascular risk patients? Int J Clin    Pract, 2006. 60(11): p. 1484-92.-   43. Nijveldt, R. J., et al., Flavonoids: a review of probable    mechanisms of action and potential applications. Am J Clin    Nutr, 2001. 74(4): p. 418-25.-   44. Renaud, S, and J. C. Ruf, The French paradox: vegetables or    wine. Circulation, 1994. 90(6): p. 3118-9.-   45. Manach, C., et at., Polyphenols: food sources and    bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr, 2004. 79(5): p. 727-47.-   46. Scalbert, A., et al. Dietary polyphenols and the prevention of    diseases. Crit. Rev Food Sci Nutr, 2005. 45(4): p 287-306.-   47. Dajas, F., et al., Neuroprotection by flavonoids. Braz J Med    Biol Res, 2003. 36(12): p. 1613-1620.-   48. Baur, J. A. and D. A. Sinclair, Therapeutic potential of    resveratrol: the in vivo evidence. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 2006.    5(6): p. 493-506.-   49. Ramassamy, C., Emerging role of polyphenolic compounds in the    treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: a review of their    intracellular targets. Eur J Pharmacol, 2006, 545(1): p. 51-64.-   50. Dajas, F., et al., Cell culture protection and in vivo    neuroprotective capacity of flavonoids. Neurotox Res, 2003. 5(6): p.    425-32.-   51. Rivera, F., et al., Some aspects of the in vivo neuroprotective    capacity of flavonoids: bioavailability and structure-activity    relationship. Neurotox Res, 2004. 6(7-8): p. 543-53.-   52. Woodman, O. L. and E. Chan, Vascular and anti-oxidant actions of    flavonols and flavones. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 2004. 31(11): p.    786-90.-   53. Ishige, K., D. Schubert, and Y. Sagara, Flavonoids protect    neuronal cells from oxidative stress by three distinct mechanisms.    Free Radic Biol Med, 2001. 30(4): p. 433-46.-   54. Auddy, B., et al., Screening of antioxidant activity of three    Indian medicinal plants, traditionally used for the management of    neurodegenerative diseases. J Ethnopharmacol, 2003. 84(2-3): p.    131-8.-   55. Lao, C. J., et al., Microglia, apoptosis and interleukin-1beta    expression in the effect of sophora japonica I. on cerebral infarct    induced by ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Am J Chin Med, 2005.    33(3): p. 425-38.-   56. Sinha, K., G. Chaudhary, and Y. K. Gupta, Protective effect of    resveratrol against oxidative stress in middle cerebral artery    occlusion model of stroke in rats. Life Sci, 2002. 71 (6): p.    655-65.-   57. Huang, S. S., et al., Resveratrol reduction of infarct size in    Long-Evans rats subjected to focal cerebral ischemia. Life    Sci, 2001. 69(9): p. 1057-65.-   58. Ikeda, K., H. Negishi, and Y. Yamori, Antioxidant nutrients and    hypoxia/ischemia brain injury in rodents. Toxicology, 2003.    189(1-2): p. 55-61.-   59. Yen, W. J., et al., Antioxidant properties of roasted coffee    residues. J Agric Food Chem, 2005. 53(7): p. 2658-63.-   60. Zheng, W. and S. Y. Wang, Oxygen radical absorbing capacity of    phenolics in blueberries, cranberries, chokeberries, and    lingonberries. J Agric Food Chem, 2003. 51(2): p. 502-9.-   61. Aruoma, O. I., Antioxidant actions of plant foods: use of    oxidative DNA damage as a tool for studying antioxidant efficacy.    Free Radic Res, 1999. 30(6): p. 419-27.-   62. Chassevent, F., [Chlorogenic acid, physiological and    pharmacological activity]. Ann Nutr Aliment, 1969. 23(1): p. Suppl:    1-14.-   63. Farah, A., et al., Chlorogenic acids and lactones in regular and    water-decaffeinated Arabica coffees. J Agric Food Chem, 2006.    54(2): p. 374-81.-   64. Farah A, D. C., Phenolic compounds in coffee. Br J Plant    Physiol, 2006. 18(1): p. 23-36.-   65. dos Santos, M. D., et al., Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory,    analgesic and antipyretic activities of the natural polyphenol    chlorogenic acid. Biol Pharm Bull, 2006. 29(11): p. 2236-40.-   66. Jin, U. H., et al., A phenolic compound, 5-caffeoylquinic acid    (chlorogenic acid), is a new type and strong matrix    metalloproteinase-9 inhibitor: isolation and identification from    methanol extract of Euonymus alatus. Life Sci, 2005. 77(22): p.    2760-9.-   67. Lapchak, P. A. and D. M. Araujo, Reducing bleeding complications    after thrombolytic therapy for stroke: clinical potential of    metalloproteinase inhibitors and spin trap agents. CNS Drugs, 2001.    15(11): p. 819-29.-   68. Lapchak, P. A., D. F. Chapman, and J. A. Zivin,    Metalloproteinase inhibition reduces thrombolytic (tissue    plasminogen activator)-induced hemorrhage after thromboembolic    stroke. Stroke, 2000. 31(12): p. 3034-40.-   69. Montaner, J., et al., Matrix metalloproteinase expression is    related to hemorrhagic transformation after cardioembolic stroke.    Stroke, 2001. 32(12): p. 2762-7.-   70. Montaner, J., et al., Matrix metalloproteinase-9 pretreatment    level predicts intracranial hemorrhagic complications after    thrombolysis in human stroke. Circulation, 2003. 107(4): p. 598-603.-   71. Rosenberg, G. A., Matrix metalloproteinases in brain injury. J    Neurotrauma, 1995. 12(5): p. 833-42.-   72. Rosenberg, G. A., et al., Immunohistochemistry of matrix    metalloproteinases in reperfusion injury to rat brain: activation of    MMP-9 linked to stromelysin-1 and microglia in cell cultures. Brain    Res, 2001. 893(1-2): p. 104-12.-   73. Rosenberg, G. A., et al., Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced    gelatinase B causes delayed opening of the blood-brain barrier: an    expanded therapeutic window. Brain Res, 1995. 703(1-2): p. 151-5.-   74. Rosenberg, G. A. and M. Navratil, Metalloproteinase inhibition    blocks edema in intracerebral hemorrhage in the rat.    Neurology, 1997. 48(4): p. 921-6.-   75. Lotito, S. B. and B. Frei, Consumption of flavonoid-rich foods    and increased plasma antioxidant capacity in humans: Cause,    consequence, or epiphenomenon? Free Radic Biol Med, 2006. 41    (12): p. 1727-46.-   76. Maher, P. and D. Schubert, Signaling by reactive oxygen species    in the nervous system. Cell Mol Life Sci, 2000. 57(8-9): p.    1287-305.-   77. Shimizu, T. and L. S. Wolfe, Arachidonic acid cascade and signal    transduction. J Neurochem, 1990. 55(1): p. 1-15.-   78. van Leyen, K., et al., Novel lipoxygenase inhibitors as    neuroprotective reagents. J Neurosci Res, 2008. 86(4): p. 904-9.-   79. Shornick, L. P. and M. J. Holtzman, A cryptic, microsomal-type    arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase is tonically inactivated by    oxidation-reduction conditions in cultured epithelial cells. J Biol    Chem, 1993. 268(1): p. 371-6.-   80. Li, Y., P. Maher, and D. Schubert, A role for 12-lipoxygenase in    nerve cell death caused by glutathione depletion. Neuron, 1997.    19: p. 453-463.-   81. Mori, H., et al., Neuroprotective effects of pterin-6-aldehyde    in gerbil global brain ischemia: comparison with those of    alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone. Neurosci Lett, 1998. 241    (2-3): p. 99-102.-   82. Hwang, Y. S., et al., Hwangryun-Hae-Dok-tang    (Huanglian-Jie-Du-Tang) extract and its constituents reduce    ischemia-reperfusion brain injury and neutrophil infiltration in    rats. Life Sci, 2002. 71(18): p. 2105-17.-   83. Huang, M. T., et al., Inhibitory effect of curcumin, chlorogenic    acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid on tumor promotion in mouse    skin by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Cancer Res, 1988.    48(21): p. 5941-6.-   84. Middleton, E., C. Kandaswami, and T. C. Theoharides, The effects    of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: implications for    inflammation, heart disease and cancer. Pharmacol. Rev., 2000.    52: p. 673-751.-   85. Sekiya, K. and H. Okuda, Selective inhibition of platelet    lipoxygenase by Baicalein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1982.    105(3): p. 1090-5.-   86. Yoon, J. H. and S. J. Baek, Molecular targets of dietary    polyphenols with anti-inflammatory properties. Yonsei Med J, 2005.    46(5): p. 585-96.-   87. van Leyen, K., et al., Baicalein and 12/15-lipoxygenase in the    ischemic brain. Stroke, 2006. 37(12): p. 3014-8.-   88. Marcheselli, V. L., et al., Novel docosanoids inhibit brain    ischemia-reperfusion-mediated leukocyte infiltration and    pro-inflammatory gene expression. J Biol Chem, 2003. 278(44): p.    43807-17.-   89. Zhang, B., H. Cao, and G. N. Rao, 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic    acid induces angiogenesis via activation of Pl3K-Akt-mTOR-S6Kl    signaling. Cancer Res, 2005. 65(16): p. 7283-91.-   90. Jin, G., et al., Protecting against cerebrovascular injury:    contributions of 12/15-lipoxygenase to edema formation after    transient focal ischemia. Stroke, 2008. 39(9): p. 2538-43.-   91. Zivin, J. A. and D. R. Waud, Quantal bioassay and stroke.    Stroke, 1992. 23(5): p. 767-73.-   92. Abe, K., M. Takayanagi, and H. Saito, Effects of recombinant    human basic FGF and its modified protein CS23 on survival of primary    cultured neurons from various regions of fetal rat brain. Japan J.    Pharmacol., 1990. 53: p. 221-227.-   93. Lee, H. H., et al., Differential effects of natural polyphenols    on neuronal survival in primary cultured central neurons against    glutamate- and glucose deprivation-induced neuronal death. Brain    Res, 2003. 986(1-2): p. 103-13.-   94. Lapchak, P. A. and J. A. Zivin, Ebselen, a seleno-organic    antioxidant, is neuroprotective after emoblic strokes in    rabbits—Synergism with low dose tissue plasminogen activator.    Stroke, 2003. 34: p. 2013-2018.-   95. Lapchak, P. A., et al., Transcranial near-infrared light therapy    improves motor function following embolic strokes in rabbits: An    extended therapeutic window study using continuous and pulse    frequency delivery modes. Neuroscience, 2007. 148(4): p. 907-914.-   96. Lapchak, P. A., et al., Effects of the spin trap agent    disodium-[tert-butylimino)methyl]benzene-1,3-disulfonate N-oxide    (generic NXY-059) on intracerebral hemorrhage in a rabbit Large clot    embolic stroke model: combination studies with tissue plasminogen    activator. Stroke, 2002. 33(6): p. 1665-70.-   97. Choudhri, T. F., et al., Use of a spectrophotometric hemoglobin    assay to objectively quantify intracerebral hemorrhage in mice.    Stroke, 1997. 28(1,1): p. 2296-302.-   98. Waud, D. R., On biological assays involving quantal responses.    Journal of Pharmacological Experimental Theory, 1972. 183: p.    577-607.-   99. Winer, B. J., Statistical Principles In Experimental Design. 2    ed. 1971, New York: McGraw Hill. 907.-   100. Snedecor, G. W. and W. G. Cochran, Statistical Methods. 7 ed.    1980, Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press. 507.-   101. Maher, P., et al., A novel approach to screening for new    neuroprotective compounds for the treatment of stroke. Brain    Res, 2007. 1173: p. 117-25.-   102. Silverman, R., The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug    Action. 2004: Academic Press.-   103. Liao, H. L. and M. K. Hu, Synthesis and anticancer activities    of 5,6,7-trimethylBaicalein derivatives. Chem Pharm Bull    (Tokyo), 2004. 52(10): p. 1162-5.-   104. Harikrishnan, L. S, and H. D. Hollis Showalter, A novel    synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted benzopyran-4-onbes and application to    the solid phase. Tetrahedron Letters, 2000. 56: p. 515-19.-   105. Vazquez, J. and F. Albericia, A convenient semicarbazide resin    for the solid-phase synthesis of peptide ketones and aldehydes.    Tetrahedron Letters, 2006. 47: p. 1657-1661.-   106. Lawrence, N. J., et al., Linked parallel synthesis and MTT    bioassay screening of substituted chalcones. J Comb Chem, 2001.    3(5): p. 421-6.-   107. Lin, Y. M., et al., Chalcones and flavonoids as    anti-tuberculosis agents. Bioorg Med Chem, 2002. 10(8): p. 2795-802.-   108. Razgulin, A. V. and S. Mecoui, Binding properties of aromatic    carbon-bound fluorine. J Med Chem, 2006. 49(26): p. 7902-6.-   109. Weber, J., Current status of virtual combinatorial library    design. QSAR & Combinatorial Science, 2005. 24(7): p. 809-823.-   110. Sefkow, M., First efficient synthesis of chlorogenic acid. Eur    J Org Chem, 2001 (6): p. 1137-41.-   111. Reshef, A., O, Sperling, and E. Zoref-Shani, Activation and    inhibition of protein kinase C protect rat neuronal cultures against    ischemia-reperfusion insult. Neurosci Lett, 1997. 238(1-2): p.    37-40.-   112. Sperling, O., et al., Reactive oxygen species play an important    role in iodoacetate-induced neurotoxicity in primary rat neuronal    cultures and in differentiated PC12 cells. Neurosci Lett, 2003. 351    (3): p. 137-40.-   113. Rego, A. C., et al., Distinct glycolysis inhibitors determine    retinal cell sensitivity to glutamatemediated injury. Neurochem    Res, 1999. 24(3): p. 351-8.-   114. Sigalov, E., et al., VIP-Related protection against Iodoacetate    toxicity in pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells: a model for    ischemic/hypoxic injury. J Mol Neurosci, 2000. 15(3): p. 147-54.-   115. Reiner, P. B., A. G. Laycock, and C. J. Doll, A pharmacological    model of ischemia in the hippocampal slice. Neurosci Lett, 1990. 11    9(2): p. 175-8.-   116. Magnoni, S., et al., Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone is    decreased in plasma of patients with acute brain injury. J    Neurotrauma, 2003. 20(3): p. 251-60.-   117. Crack, P. J., et al., Potential contribution of NF-kappa6 in    neuronal cell death in the glutathione peroxidase-I knockout mouse    in response to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Stroke, 2006. 37(6): p.    1533-8.-   118. Li, Y., P. Maher, and D. Schubert, A role for 12-lipoxygenase    in nerve cell death caused by glutathione depletion. Neuron, 1997.    19(2): p. 453-63.-   119. Li, Y., P. Maher, and D. Schubert, Phosphatidylcholine-specific    phospholipase C regulates glutamate-induced nerve cell death. Proc    Natl Acad Sci USA, 1998. 95(13): p. 7748-53.-   120. Hansen, M. B., S. E. Nielsen, and K. Berg, Re-examination and    further development of a precise and rapid dye method for measuring    cell growth/cell kill. J Immunol Methods, 1989. 11 9(2): p. 203-10.-   121. Schubert, D. and D. Piasecki, Oxidative glutamate toxicity can    be a component of the excitotoxicity cascade. J Neurosci, 2001. 21    (19): p. 7455-62.-   122. Maron, D. M. and B. N. Ames, Revised methods for the Salmonella    mutagenicity test. Mutat Res, 1983. 113(3-4): p. 173-215.-   123. Wang, Q., et al., Evaluation of the MDR-MDCK cell line as a    permeability screen for the blood-brain barrier. Int J Pharm, 2005.    288(2): p. 349-59.-   124. MacLellan, C. L., et al., The influence of hypothermia on    outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Stroke, 2006.    37(5): p. 1266-70.-   125. Bederson, J. B., et al., Evaluation of    2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride as a stain for detection and    quantification of experimental cerebral infarction in rats.    Stroke, 1986. 17(6): p. 1304-8.-   126. Gundersen, H. J. G., et al., The new stereological tools:    Disector, fractionator, nucleator and point sampled intercepts and    their use in pathological research and diagnosis. APMIS, 1988.    96: p. 857-881.-   127. Triguero, D., J. Buciak, and W. M. Pardridge, Capillary    depletion method for quantification of blood-brain barrier transport    of circulating peptides and plasma proteins. J Neurochem, 1990.    54(6): p. 1882-8.-   128. Wiebers, D. O., H. P. Adams, Jr., and J. P. Whisnant, Animal    models of stroke: are they relevant to human disease? Stroke, 1990.    21(1): p. 1-3.-   129. Zivin, J. A. and J. C. Grotta, Animal stroke models. They are    relevant to human disease. Stroke, 1990. 21(7): p. 981-3.-   130. Grotta, J., Rodent models of stroke limitations. What can we    learn from recent clinical trials of thrombolysis? Arch    Neurol, 1996. 53(10): p. 1067-70.-   131. Ginsberg, M. D., The validity of rodent brain-ischemia models    is self-evident. Arch Neurol, 1996. 53(10): p. 1065-7; discussion    1070.

It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein arefor illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changesin light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and areto be included within the spirit and purview of this application andscope of the appended claims. All publications, patents, and patentapplications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in theirentirety for all purposes.

1. A compound of formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Z is N or O,when Z is N then

when Z is O, then

each of R¹ and R², independent of the other, is H, optionallysubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a), —NO₂ or —N(R^(c))₂; when both R¹ and R²are —OR^(a), then, optionally, they combine to form a 5-6 membered ringof formula

where z is 1 or 2; R³ is H, optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl or —OR^(a);R⁴, when present, is R^(a); each of R⁵ and R⁶ is, independently for eachoccurrence, H, R^(e), R^(b), R^(e) substituted with one or more of thesame or different R^(a) and/or R^(b), —OR^(e) substituted with one ormore of the same or different R^(a) and/or R^(b), —SR^(e) substitutedwith one or more of the same or different R^(a) and/or R^(b), —C(O)R^(e)substituted with one or more of the same or different R^(a) and/orR^(b), —N(R^(a))R^(e) where R^(e) is substituted with one or more of thesame or different R^(a) and/or R^(b), —(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—R^(b),—O—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—R^(b), —S—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—R^(b),—O—(C(R^(b))₂)_(m)—R^(a), —N(R^(a))—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—R^(b),—O—(CH₂)_(m)—CH((CH₂)_(m)R^(b))R^(b),—C(O)N(R^(a))—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—R^(b),—O—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—C(O)N(R^(a))—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—R^(b),—N((C(R^(a))₂)_(m)R^(b))₂,—S—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—C(O)N(R^(a))—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—R^(b),—N(R^(a))—C(O)—N(R^(a))—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—R^(b),—N(R^(a))—C(O)—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—C(R^(a))(R^(b))₂ or—N(R^(a))—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—C(O)—N(R^(a))—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—R^(b); eachR^(a) is independently for each occurrence H, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl,C₄₋₁₁cycloalkylalkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, C₇₋₁₆arylalkyl, 3-10 memberedheteroalicyclyl, 4-11 membered heteroalicyclylalkyl, 5-15 memberedheteroaryl or 6-16 membered heteroarylalkyl; each R^(b) is independentlyfor each occurrence ═O, ═S, —OR^(a), —O—(C(R^(a))₂), —OR^(a), —SR^(a),═NR^(a), ═NOR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, halo, —CF₃, —CN, —NO₂, —S(O)R^(a),—S(O)₂R^(a), —SO₃R^(a), —S(O)₂N(R^(c))₂, —C(O)R^(a), —CO₂R^(a),—C(O)N(R^(c))₂, —OC(O)N(R^(c))₂, —[N(R^(a))C(O)]_(n)R^(a),—[N(R^(a))C(O)]_(n)OR^(a) or —[N(R^(a))C(O)]_(n)N(R^(c))₂; each R^(c) isindependently for each occurrence R^(a), or, alternatively, two R^(c)are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded toform a 3 to 10-membered heteroalicyclyl or a 5-10 membered heteroarylwhich may optionally include one or more of the same or differentadditional heteroatoms and which is optionally substituted with one ormore of the same or different R^(a) and/or R^(d) groups; each R^(d) is═O, —OR^(a), haloC₁₋₃alkyloxy, C₁₋₆alkyl, ═S, —SR^(a), —N(R^(a))₂, halo,—CF₃, —CN, —NO₂, —S(O)R^(a), —S(O₂)R^(a), —SO₃R^(a), —S(O)₂N(R^(a))₂,—C(O)R^(a), —CO₂R^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —OC(O)N(R^(a))₂,—[N(R^(a))C(O)]_(n)R^(a), —(C(R^(a))₂)_(n)—OR^(a), —C(O)—C₁₋₆haloalkyl,—OC(O)R^(a), —O(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—OR^(a), —S(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—OR^(a),—N(R^(a))—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—OR^(a), —[N(R^(a))C(O)]_(n)OR^(a),—[N(R^(a))C(O)]_(n)N(R^(a))₂ or —N(R^(a))C(O)C₁₋₆haloalkyl; two R^(d),taken together with the atom or atoms to which they are attached,combine to form a 3-10 membered partially or fully saturated mono orbicyclic ring, optionally containing one or more heteroatoms andoptionally substituted with one or more R^(a); each R^(e) isindependently for each occurrence C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₁cycloalkylalkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, C₇₋₁₆arylalkyl, 3-10 memberedheteroalicyclyl, 4-11 membered heteroalicyclylalkyl, 5-15 memberedheteroaryl or 6-16 membered heteroarylalkyl; two of R⁵, andindependently, two of R⁶, together with the vicinal carbons to whichthey are attached, combine to form a 4-10 membered unsaturated,partially saturated or fully saturated mono or bicyclic ring, optionallycontaining one or more heteroatoms and optionally substituted with oneor more R^(a) and/or R^(b); each m is 1, 2 or 3; each n is 0, 1, 2 or 3;x is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and y is 0, 1, 2 or 3, provided the compound isnot Fisetin, Baicalein, PM-001, PM-002, PM-003, PM-004, PM-008 orPM-014.
 2. The compound of claim 1, according to Formula IIA or IIA,

wherein each of R¹ and R², independent of the other, is H, optionallysubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a) or —N(R^(c))₂; R³ is H, optionallysubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl or —OR^(a); R⁴ is C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl,C₄₋₁₁cycloalkylalkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl or C₇₋₁₆arylalkyl; and each of R⁵ and R⁶is independently for each occurrence H, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₁cycloalkylalkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, C₇₋₁₆arylalkyl, —OR^(a),—O—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—OR^(a), —SR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, halo, —CF₃, —CO₂R^(a),—C(O)N(R^(c))₂; and optionally, two of R⁵, together with the vicinalcarbons to which they are attached, combine to form a 6-memberedunsaturated aryl ring, said 6-membered aryl ring optionally substitutedwith one or more R^(a) and/or R^(b).
 3. The compound of claim 2,wherein: (a) the compound is of Formula II, and wherein each of R¹ andR², independent of the other, is —OR^(a); R³ is H or optionallysubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl; and R⁴ is C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl,C₄₋₁₁cycloalkylalkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl or C₇₋₁₆arylalkyl; (b) the compound isof Formula IIIA, and wherein each of R¹ and R², independent of theother, is —OR^(a); R³ is H, C₁₋₆alkyl or —OR^(a); (c) the compound isFormula IIA, and wherein one of R¹ and R² is optionally substitutedC₁₋₆alkyl and the other of R¹ and R² is H, —OR^(a) or —N(R^(c))₂; R³ isH or optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl; and R⁴ is C₁₋₆alkyl,C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₁cycloalkylalkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl or C₇₋₁₆arylalkyl; (d)the compound is of Formula IIIA, and wherein one of R¹ and R² isoptionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl and the other of R¹ and R² is H,—OR^(a) or —N(R^(c))₂; and R³ is H, C₁₋₆alkyl or —OR^(a); (e) Thecompound is of Formula IIA, and wherein one of R¹ and R² is H or —OR^(a)and the other of R¹ and R² is H or —N(R^(c))₂, provided at least one ofR¹ and R² is not H; R³ is H or optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl; and R⁴is C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₁cycloalkylalkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl orC₇₋₁₆arylalkyl; or (f) the compound is of Formula IIIA, and wherein oneof R¹ and R² is H or —OR^(a) and the other of R¹ and R² is H or—N(R^(c))₂, provided at least one of R¹ and R² is not H; and R³ is H,C₁₋₆alkyl or —OR^(a).
 4. The compound of claim 2, according to: (a)Formula IIB,

wherein R^(a) is H or C₁₋₆alkyl; R³ is H or C₁₋₆alkyl; R⁴ is C₁₋₆alkyl,C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₁cycloalkylalkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl or C₇₋₁₆arylalkyl; eachof R⁵ and R⁶ is independently for each occurrence H, C₁₋₆alkyl,C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₁ cycloalkylalkyl, —OR^(a),—O—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—OR^(a), —SR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, halo, —CF₃, —CO₂R^(a) or—C(O)N(R^(c))₂; and each R^(c) is independently for each occurrenceR^(a), or, alternatively, two R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogenatom to which they are bonded to form a 3 to 7-membered heteroalicyclyl;(b) Formula IIIB,

wherein each R^(a) is H or C₁₋₆alkyl; R³ is H, —OH, —OC₁₋₆alkyl orC₁₋₆alkyl; each of R⁵ and R⁶ is, independently for each occurrence H,C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₁ cycloalkylalkyl, —OR^(a),—O—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—OR^(a), —SR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, halo, —CF₃, —CO₂R^(a) or—C(O)N(R^(c))₂; and each R^(c) is independently for each occurrenceR^(a), or, alternatively, two R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogenatom to which they are bonded to form a 3 to 7-membered heteroalicyclyl,and optionally, two of R⁵, together with the vicinal carbons to whichthey are attached, combine to form a 6-membered unsaturated aryl ring,said 6-membered aryl ring optionally substituted with one or more R^(a)and/or R^(b); or (c) Formula IIIF,

wherein R² is H or —OR^(a); R³ is H, C₁₋₆alkyl or —OR^(a); and each ofR⁵ and R⁶ is independently for each occurrence H, C₁₋₆alkyl,C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₁ cycloalkylalkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, C₇₋₁₆arylalkyl,—OR^(a), —O—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m), —OR^(a), —SR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, halo, —CF₃,—CO₂R^(a), —C(O)N(R^(c))₂; and optionally, two of R⁵, together with thevicinal carbons to which they are attached, combine to form a 6-memberedunsaturated aryl ring, said 6-membered aryl ring optionally substitutedwith one or more R^(a) and/or R.
 5. The compound of claim 4, accordingto (a) Formula IIIC or IIID,

wherein each R^(a) is H or C₁₋₆alkyl; R³ is H, —OH, —OC₁₋₆alkyl orC₁₋₆alkyl; each of R⁶ is, independently for each occurrence H,C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, or halo; each R^(c) isindependently for each occurrence R^(a), or, alternatively, two R^(c)are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded toform a 3 to 7-membered heteroalicyclyl; and R⁷ is independently for eachoccurrence H, C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, or halo; (b)Formula IIIE,

wherein each R^(a) is H or C₁₋₆alkyl; R³ is H, —OH or C₁₋₆alkyl; each ofR^(5a) and R^(5b) is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; and R⁶ isindependently for each occurrence H, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₁cycloalkylalkyl, —OR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, halo, —CF₃, —CO₂R^(a) or—C(O)N(R^(c))₂; (c) Formula IIIG,

wherein R² is H or —OR^(a); R³ is H, C₁₋₆alkyl or —OR^(a); each ofR^(5a) and R^(5b) is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; and each R^(c) isindependently for each occurrence R^(a), or, alternatively, two R^(c)are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded toform an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered heteroalicyclyl; or (d)Formula IIIH or IIIJ,

wherein R² is H or —OR^(a); R³ is H, —OH, —OC₁₋₆alkyl or C₁₋₆alkyl; eachof R⁶ is, independently for each occurrence H, C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a),—SR^(a) or halo; each R^(c) is independently for each occurrence R^(a),or, alternatively, two R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atomto which they are bonded to form an optionally substituted 3- to7-membered heteroalicyclyl; and R⁷ is independently for each occurrenceH, C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, or halo.
 6. A compound ofFormula IVA,

wherein each of R¹ and R², independent of the other, is H, optionallysubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a) or —N(R^(c))₂; R³ is H, optionallysubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl or —OR^(a); and each of R⁵ and R⁶ is independentlyfor each occurrence H, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₁ cycloalkylalkyl,C₆₋₁₀aryl, C₇₋₁₆arylalkyl, —OR^(a), —O—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—OR^(a), —SR^(a),—N(R^(c))₂, halo, —CF₃, —CO₂R^(a), —C(O)N(R^(c))₂; and optionally, twoof R⁵, together with the vicinal carbons to which they are attached,combine to form a 6-membered unsaturated aryl ring, said 6-membered arylring optionally substituted with one or more R^(a) and/or R^(b),provided the compound is not chlorogenic acid.
 7. The compound of claim6, according to (a) Formula IVB,

wherein each R^(a) is H or C₁₋₆alkyl; R³ is H, —OH, —OC₁₋₆alkyl orC₁₋₆alkyl; each of R⁵ and R⁶ is, independently for each occurrence H,C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₁ cycloalkylalkyl, —OR^(a),—O—(C(R^(a))₂)_(m)—OR^(a), —SR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, halo, —CF₃, —CO₂R^(a) or—C(O)N(R^(c))₂; and each R^(c) is independently for each occurrenceR^(a), or, alternatively, two R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogenatom to which they are bonded to form a 3 to 7-membered heteroalicyclyl,and optionally, two of R⁵, together with the vicinal carbons to whichthey are attached, combine to form a 6-membered unsaturated aryl ring,said 6-membered aryl ring optionally substituted with one or more R^(a)and/or R^(b); or (b) Formula IVF,

wherein R² is H or —OR^(a); and R³ is H, C₁₋₆alkyl or —OR^(a).
 8. Thecompound of claim 7, according to (a) Formula IVC or IVD,

wherein each R^(a) is H or C₁₋₆alkyl; R³ is H, —OH, —OC₁₋₆alkyl orC₁₋₆alkyl; each of R⁶ is, independently for each occurrence H,C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, or halo; each R^(c) isindependently for each occurrence R^(a), or, alternatively, two R^(c)are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded toform a 3 to 7-membered heteroalicyclyl; and R⁷ is independently for eachoccurrence H, C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, or halo; (b)Formula IVE,

wherein each of R^(5a) and R^(5b) is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; (c)Formula IVG,

wherein each of R^(5a) and R^(5b) is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; andeach R^(c) is independently for each occurrence R^(a), or,alternatively, two R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom towhich they are bonded to form an optionally substituted 3- to 7-memberedheteroalicyclyl; or (d) Formula IVH or IVJ,

wherein R³ is H, —OH, —OC₁₋₆alkyl or C₁₋₆alkyl; each of R⁶ is,independently for each occurrence H, C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a), —SR^(a) orhalo; each R^(c) is independently for each occurrence R^(a), or,alternatively, two R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom towhich they are bonded to form an optionally substituted 3- to 7-memberedheteroalicyclyl; and R⁷ is independently for each occurrence H,C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), —N(R^(c))₂, or halo.
 9. The compoundaccording to claim 1, wherein the compound is:4-methoxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-007);4-ethoxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-023);4-isopropoxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-024);4-isopropoxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-084);4-cyclopentyloxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-121);4-methoxy-2-(3-hydroxy,4-methoxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-001);4-methoxy-2-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-004);4-methoxy-2-(4-hydroxy,3-methoxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-017);4-methoxy-2-phenylquinoline (CMS-021);4-methoxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-022);4-methoxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)quinoline (CMS-083);4-methoxy-2-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)quinoline (CMS-109);4-methoxy-2-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)quinoline (CMS-110);4-methoxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-nitrophenyl)quinoline (CMS-111);4-isopropoxy-2-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)quinoline (CMS-112);4-isopropoxy-2-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)quinoline (CMS-113);2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-6-methyl-4H-chromen-4-one (PM-010);2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one (PM-013);2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-6-propyl-4H-chromen-4-one (PM-012);2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one (CMS-040);3-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one(CMS-069);2-(4-(benzyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one(CMS-065);2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one(CMS-072);2-(4-(benzyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one(CMS-059); 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one(CMS-064);2-(4-(chloromethyl)-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one(CMS-078);3-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one(CMS-092);2-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-3-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one(CMS-117);3-hydroxy-2-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one(CMS-114);2-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-3-hydroxy-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one(CMS-118);3-hydroxy-2-(3-methoxy-4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one(CMS-139);3-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one(CMS-140); 2-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one(CMS-018);2-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one(CMS-025);2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one(CMS-027); 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one(CMS-028); 2-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one(CMS-036); 2-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one (CMS-038);3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-1H-benzo[f]chromen-1-one (CMS-041);2-(4-(benzyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one(CMS-058);2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one(CMS-093); 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one(CMS-094);3-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one(CMS-070); 2-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one(CMS-115); 6,7-dimethyl-2-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one(CMS-116); 2-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-6,7-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one(CMS-119); 2-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one(CMS-120); or3-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-2-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one(CMS-122).
 10. The compound according to claim 6, wherein the compoundis:(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one(CMS-011);(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-(1-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one(CMS-034);(E)-3-(3-hydroxy-4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-1-(1-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one(CMS-138);(E)-1-(1-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)-3-(3-methoxy-4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)prop-2-en-1-one(CMS-137);(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-(2-hydroxy-5-isopropylphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one(CMS-129);(E)-3-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one(CMS-013);(E)-3-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)-1-(1-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one(CMS-032);(E)-3-(4-(benzyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-(1-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one(CMS-063);(E)-3-(3-(benzyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one(CMS-086);(E)-3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one(CMS-087); or(E)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylphenyl)-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one(CMS-088).
 11. A pharmaceutical composition comprising one or morecompounds of claim 1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,excipient or vehicle.
 12. A method of: promoting, increasing, and/orenhancing the protection, growth and/or regeneration of neurons in apatient in need thereof, or treating, reducing, mitigating or preventinga condition comprising diabetes, Parkinson's disease, Huntington'sdisease, Alzheimer's disease, non-Alzheimer's dementia, multiplesclerosis, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, or ALS,comprising administering to the patient an effective amount of one ormore compounds of claim 1, thereby promoting, increasing, and/orenhancing the protection, growth and/or regeneration of neurons in apatient in need thereof, or treating, reducing, mitigating or preventinga condition comprising diabetes, Parkinson's disease, Huntington'sdisease, Alzheimer's disease, non-Alzheimer's dementia, multiplesclerosis, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, or ALS.
 13. Themethod of claim 12 wherein the method maintains glutathione levels inthe patient.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein: the compound isadministered over a period of one to three weeks; the compoundadministered orally, intravenously, inhalationally, transdermally orsubcutaneously; the patient is experiencing or is at risk ofexperiencing sepsis, trauma and/or shock; the compound isco-administered with a thromolytic agent; or the compound isco-administered with a thromolytic agent and the thrombolytic agent isco-administered in a subtherapeutic dose or amount.
 15. The method ofclaim 14, wherein the thrombolytic agent comprises tissue plasminogenactivator, tenecteplase, urokinase, desmoteplase, reteplase, alteplase,anistreplase, streptokinase, or combinations thereof.
 16. Apharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of claim 6,and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or vehicle.
 17. Amethod of: promoting, increasing, and/or enhancing the protection,growth and/or regeneration of neurons in a patient in need thereof, ortreating, reducing, mitigating or preventing a condition comprisingdiabetes, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer'sdisease, non-Alzheimer's dementia, multiple sclerosis, traumatic braininjury, spinal cord injury, or ALS, comprising administering to thepatient an effective amount of one or more compounds of claim 6, therebypromoting, increasing, and/or enhancing the protection, growth and/orregeneration of neurons in a patient in need thereof, or treating,reducing, mitigating or preventing a condition comprising diabetes,Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease,non-Alzheimer's dementia, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury,spinal cord injury, or ALS.
 18. The method of claim 17 wherein themethod maintains glutathione levels in the patient.
 19. The method ofclaim 17, wherein: the compound is administered over a period of one tothree weeks; the compound administered orally, intravenously,inhalationally, transdermally or subcutaneously; the patient isexperiencing or is at risk of experiencing sepsis, trauma and/or shock;the compound is co-administered with a thrombolytic agent; or thecompound is co-administered with a thrombolytic agent and thethrombolytic agent is co-administered in a subtherapeutic dose oramount.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the thrombolytic agentcomprises tissue plasminogen activator, tenecteplase, urokinase,desmoteplase, reteplase, alteplase, anistreplase, streptokinase, orcombinations thereof.